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Risk-Factors for Soft-Tissue Injuries, Lacerations and Fractures During Racing in Greyhounds in New Zealand.

ABSTRACT: Recognition of injuries in racing animals is essential to identify potential risk factors so actions can be taken to reduce or mitigate the cause of the injury to safeguard the animal. Racing greyhounds are subject to musculoskeletal injuries associated with athletic pursuit, in particular soft-tissue injuries, lacerations, and fractures. The objective of this study was therefore to determine risk factors for soft-tissue injuries, lacerations and fractures occurring during racing, using a cohort of greyhounds racing in New Zealand between 10th September 2014 and 31st July 2020. Dog-level, race-level and track-level risk factors for each outcome were assessed using mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression including trainer as a random effect. Throughout the study period there were 218,700 race starts by 4,914 greyhounds, with a total of 4,385 injuries. Of these, 3,067 (69.94%) were classed as soft-tissue injuries, 641 (14.62%) were reported as lacerations, and 458 (10.44%) were fractures. Greyhounds with a low racing frequency (racing more than 7 days apart) had 1.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.67] times the odds of fracture compared to those racing more frequently. Older greyhounds had a greater odds of fracture compared with younger greyhounds. Racing every 7 days had a lower odds of soft-tissue injury compared with racing more than once a week. Dogs over 39 months had 1.53 (95% CI: 1.35-1.73) times the odds of sustaining a soft-tissue injury compared to the younger dogs. Greyhounds originating from Australia had a higher odds of fracture and laceration compared with New Zealand dogs. Better performing dogs (higher class) had a greater odds of fracture and laceration whilst maiden dogs had a higher odds of soft-tissue injury. Greyhounds starting from the outside box had a higher odds of fracture. There was considerable variation in the odds of soft-tissue injury at different racetracks. In conclusion, although the incidence of soft-tissue injuries was higher than other injury types, the repercussion of such injuries was less than those for fractures. The results from this study will help to inform intervention strategies aimed at reducing the rate of injuries in racing greyhounds, enhancing racing safety and greyhound welfare.

SUBMITTER: Palmer AL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8678076 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundThe outcomes for open tibial fractures with severe soft tissue injury are still a great challenge for all the trauma surgeons in the treatment. However, most of the existing open tibial fracture models can only provide minimal soft tissue injury which cannot meet the requirement of severe trauma research. Our goal is to investigate a novel tibial fracture model providing different fractures combined with soft tissue injury for better application in trauma research.MethodsA total of 144 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. With group 1 as control, the other groups sustained different right tibial fractures by the apparatus with buffer disc settings either 3 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm. X-ray and computed tomography angiography (CTA) were performed at 6 h to evaluate the fracture patterns and vascular injuries. Peripheral blood and tibialis anterior muscle were harvested at 6 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days for ELISA and histological analysis.ResultsX-ray and μCT results indicated that different fractures combined with soft tissue injuries could be successfully provided in this model. According to OTA and Gustilo classification, the fractures and soft tissue injuries were evaluated and defined: 36 type I in group 2, 34 type II in group 3, and 36 type III in group 4. The CTA confirmed no arterial injuries in groups 1 and 2, 2 arterial injuries in group 3, and 35 in group 4. ELISA indicated that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher in group 4 than in other groups, and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 were significantly higher in surgery groups than in group 1 in later stage or throughout the entire process. HE, Masson, and caspase-3 stains confirmed the most severe inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis in group 4 which lasted longer than that in groups 2 and 3.ConclusionsThe novel apparatus was valuable in performing different fractures combined with soft tissue injuries in a rat tibial fracture model with high reproducibility and providing a new selection for trauma research in the future.

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Risk-Factors for Soft-Tissue Injuries, Lacerations and Fractures During Racing in Greyhounds in New Zealand.

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