Fidgety Movements Assessment Accuracy Survey in Japan.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Maeda T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8705354 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundAnimal movement is considered the most significant factor in the transmission of infectious diseases in livestock. A better understanding of its effects would help provide a more reliable estimation of the disease spread and help develop effective control measures. If the movement pattern is heterogeneous, its characteristics should be considered in epidemiological analyses, such as when using simulation models to obtain reliable outputs. In Japan, following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic, a traceability system for cattle was established in 2003, and the registration of all cattle movements in the national database began. This study is the first to analyze cattle movements in Japan. We examined regional and seasonal heterogeneity in dairy cow movements, which accounted for most Japanese breeding cattle.ResultsIn the 14 years from April 2005 to March 2018, 4,577,709 between-farm movements of dairy cows were recorded, and the number of movements was counted by month and age for both inter- and intra-regional movements. As a result, two characteristic round-trip movements were observed: one was non-seasonal and inter-regional movements related to cattle-breeding ranches in Hokkaido (the northern region of Japan), which consists of the movement of cows around ages 6 to 8 and 21 to 23 months old. In addition, the seasonal movement of heifers for summer grazing within Hokkaido occurred in May and October at the peak ages of 13 to 14 and 19 to 20 months old, respectively. The observed heterogeneity seemed to reflect the suitability of raising the Holstein breed in Hokkaido and the shortage of supply of replacement heifers and available farming areas outside Hokkaido.ConclusionsUnderstanding the patterns of dairy cow movements will help develop reliable infectious disease models and be beneficial for developing effective control measures against these diseases.
| S-EPMC8428051 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Animal movement is an important factor in the transmission of animal infectious diseases. A better understanding of movement patterns is therefore necessary for developing effective control measures against disease spread. In Japan, a cattle tracing system was established in 2003, following a bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic, and the information on all cattle movements has been stored in a national database maintained by the National Livestock Breeding Center. Using these data, we previously analyzed the movement of dairy cows, concluding that heterogeneities in cattle movement are associated with regional and seasonal factors. In the present study, we aimed to identify specific factors affecting the regional and seasonal movement patterns of beef cows in Japan. From April 2012 to March 2017, 797,553 farm-to-farm movement events were recorded. We analyzed movements by month and by cattle age and looked at the frequency of movement within and between seven regions spanning the national territory. Our results show that calf movement peaked at 9–10 months old; these movements were considered to be via the market and were frequent within and between regions. For inter-regional movements, Kyushu region was the top producer of calves for calf trading markets throughout Japan. With regard to intra-regional movements, round-trip movements for summer grazing were observed in May and October for cattle of various ages in the northern regions, especially Hokkaido and Tohoku. Moreover, the movements of Japanese Shorthorn breeds in Tohoku region exhibited consistent annual peaks in May and October/November, in accordance with their seasonal breeding practice. In the areas with high relative densities of dairy cows, such as Hokkaido, the shipping of newborn beef calves produced via embryo transfer to dairy cows was also observed. Overall, understanding the patterns of beef cow movement will help develop effective disease surveillance measures, such as pre-movement inspections focused on specific regions and types of movement.
| S-EPMC9932799 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and quality of immunization data on the pentavalent (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)) and MMR vaccines as the administrative data of the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in Iran. METHODS:We conducted a Data Quality Self-assessment (DQS) survey from October to December 2017. Standardized DQS tools were used to assess the accuracy of reported immunizations data and quality of the immunization monitoring system at the provincial level of the healthcare system including health houses, health posts, rural and urban health centers and district health centers. Multistage cluster random sampling with proportional to size (PPS) weights was used to select target provinces and related health units. Accuracy ratio, quality index (QI), completeness and relevant quality indices of first dose of MMR (MMR1) and third dose of pentavalent vaccines were reported. Corresponding period of the survey was limited to reported administrative immunization data during the first 6 months of 2016. RESULTS:In relation to accuracy ratio, there was some evidence of under reporting of pentavalent (3rd dose) and MMR1 vaccines in health house units which were 100.94 and 101.1%, respectively. Completeness of reporting for both vaccines at different provincial levels was near 100%. However, the corresponding value for pentavalent (3rd dose) and MMR1 vaccines at the level of urban health centers was 96.67 and 94.17% respectively. Among the five components of a monitoring system data usage and core output had the lowest QI scores in either rural or urban as well as district healthcare centers. CONCLUSIONS:Findings from our DQS survey reveals that administrative reporting of the immunization data was adequate at provincial and district levels of the healthcare centers. Although, addressing the existing concerns regarding timelines of the reporting by health authorities and staffs of EPI is warranted.
| S-EPMC6560874 | biostudies-other
Project description:Two basic trade-offs interact while our brain decides how to move our body. First, with the cost-benefit trade-off, the brain trades between the importance of moving faster toward a target that is more rewarding and the increased muscular cost resulting from a faster movement. Second, with the speed-accuracy trade-off, the brain trades between how accurate the movement needs to be and the time it takes to achieve such accuracy. So far, these two trade-offs have been well studied in isolation, despite their obvious interdependence. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new model that is able to simultaneously account for both trade-offs. The model assumes that the central nervous system maximizes the expected utility resulting from the potential reward and the cost over the repetition of many movements, taking into account the probability to miss the target. The resulting model is able to account for both the speed-accuracy and the cost-benefit trade-offs. To validate the proposed hypothesis, we confront the properties of the computational model to data from an experimental study where subjects have to reach for targets by performing arm movements in a horizontal plane. The results qualitatively show that the proposed model successfully accounts for both cost-benefit and speed-accuracy trade-offs.
| S-EPMC5770750 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Danon disease, an X-linked dominant cardioskeletal myopathy, is caused by primary deficiency of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2). To clarify the clinicopathological features and management, we performed the first nationwide, questionnaire-based survey on Danon disease in Japan. A total of 39 patients (17 males, 22 females) from 20 families were identified in the analysis. All patients had cardiomyopathy. Of the 21 patients who died, 20 (95%) died of cardiac failure or sudden cardiac arrest. Most patients had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Wolf?Parkinson?White syndrome was present at a comparatively high incidence (54% in males, 22% in females). Only one female patient received a heart transplant, which is the most effective therapy. Histopathologically, all male patients showed autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features in muscle. Half of the probands showed de novo mutations. Male patients showed completely absent LAMP-2 expression in muscle. In contrast, female patients showed decreased LAMP-2 expression, which is suggested to reflect LAMP-2 haploinsufficiency due to a heterozygous null mutation. In conclusion, Danon disease is an extremely rare muscular disorder in Japan. Cardiomyopathy is the most significant prognostic factor and the main cause of death. Our findings suggest that the present survey can extend our understanding of the clinical features of this rare disease.
| S-EPMC6274850 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The record high 42 model accuracy estimation methods were tested in CASP12. The paper presents results of the assessment of these methods in the whole-model and per-residue accuracy modes. Scores from four different model evaluation packages were used as the "ground truth" for assessing accuracy of methods' estimates. They include a rigid-body score-GDT_TS, and three local-structure based scores-LDDT, CAD and SphereGrinder. The ability of methods to identify best models from among several available, predict model's absolute accuracy score, distinguish between good and bad models, predict accuracy of the coordinate error self-estimates, and discriminate between reliable and unreliable regions in the models was assessed. Single-model methods advanced to the point where they are better than clustering methods in picking the best models from decoy sets. On the other hand, consensus methods, taking advantage of the availability of large number of models for the same target protein, are still better in distinguishing between good and bad models and predicting local accuracy of models. The best accuracy estimation methods were shown to perform better with respect to the frozen in time reference clustering method and the results of the best method in the corresponding class of methods from the previous CASP. Top performing single-model methods were shown to do better than all but three CASP12 tertiary structure predictors when evaluated as model selectors.
| S-EPMC5816721 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Three dimensional (3D) genome spatial organization is critical for numerous cellular functions, including transcription, while certain conformation-driven structural alterations are frequently oncogenic. Genome conformation had been difficult to elucidate but the advent chromatin conformation capture assays, notably Hi-C, has transformed understanding of chromatin architecture and yielded numerous biological insights. Although most of these findings have flowed from analysis of proximity data produced by these assays, added value in generating 3D reconstructions has been demonstrated, deriving, in part, from superposing genomic features on the reconstruction. However, advantages of 3D structure-based analyses are clearly conditional on the accuracy of the attendant reconstructions, which is difficult to assess. Proponents of competing reconstruction algorithms have evaluated their accuracy by recourse to simulation of toy structures and/or limited fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging that features a handful of low resolution probes. Accordingly, new methods of reconstruction accuracy assessment are needed. RESULTS:Here we utilize two recently devised assays to develop methodology for assessing 3D reconstruction accuracy. Multiplex FISH increases the number of probes by an order of magnitude and hence the number of inter-probe distances by two orders, providing sufficient information for structure-level evaluation via mean-squared deviations (MSD). Crucially, underscoring multiplex FISH applications are large numbers of coordinate-system aligned replicates that provide the basis for a referent distribution for MSD statistics. Using this system we show that reconstructions based on Hi-C data for IMR90 cells are accurate for some chromosomes but not others. The second new assay, genome architecture mapping, utilizes large numbers of thin cryosections to obtain a measure of proximity. We exploit the planarity of the cryosections - not used in inferring proximity - to obtain measures of reconstruction accuracy, with referents provided via resampling. Application to mouse embryonic stem cells shows reconstruction accuracies that vary by chromosome. CONCLUSIONS:We have developed methods for assessing the accuracy of 3D genome reconstructions that exploit features of recently advanced multiplex FISH and genome architecture mapping assays. These approaches can help overcome the absence of gold standards for making such assessments which are important in view of the considerable uncertainties surrounding 3D genome reconstruction.
| S-EPMC5977474 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To investigate the clinical and epidemiologic features of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) of the CNS in Japan.We conducted a nationwide survey and collected clinical data on children with ADS aged 15 years or younger, who visited hospitals between 2005 and 2007.Among 977 hospitals enrolled, 723 (74.0%) responded to our inquiries and reported a total of 439 patients as follows: 244 with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 117 with multiple sclerosis (MS), 14 with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and 64 with other ADS. We collected and analyzed detailed data from 204 cases, including those with ADEM (66), MS (58), and NMO (10). We observed the following: (1) the estimated annual incidence rate of pediatric ADEM in Japan was 0.40 per 100,000 children (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.46), with the lowest prevalence in the north; (2) the estimated prevalence rate of MS was 0.69 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.58-0.80), with the lowest prevalence in the south; (3) NMO in Japan was rare, with an estimated prevalence of 0.06 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.04-0.08); and (4) the sex ratio and mean age at onset varied by ADS type, and (5) male/female ratios correlated with ages at onset in each ADS group.Our results clarify the characteristic clinical features of pediatric ADS in the Japanese population.
| S-EPMC5109945 | biostudies-other
Project description:The mitotic spindle self-assembles in prometaphase by a combination of centrosomal pathway, in which dynamically unstable microtubules search in space until chromosomes are captured, and a chromosomal pathway, in which microtubules grow from chromosomes and focus to the spindle poles. Quantitative mechanistic understanding of how spindle assembly can be both fast and accurate is lacking. Specifically, it is unclear how, if at all, chromosome movements and combining the centrosomal and chromosomal pathways affect the assembly speed and accuracy. We used computer simulations and high-resolution microscopy to test plausible pathways of spindle assembly in realistic geometry. Our results suggest that an optimal combination of centrosomal and chromosomal pathways, spatially biased microtubule growth, and chromosome movements and rotations is needed to complete prometaphase in 10-20 min while keeping erroneous merotelic attachments down to a few percent. The simulations also provide kinetic constraints for alternative error correction mechanisms, shed light on the dual role of chromosome arm volume, and compare well with experimental data for bipolar and multipolar HT-29 colorectal cancer cells.
| S-EPMC2747184 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The reasons for accessing and maintaining access to mental health services in Japan may be different to those in other countries. Using the World Health Organization World Mental Health Japan survey data, this study investigated the prevalence of sociodemographic correlates of barriers for the use of, reasons for delayed access to, and reasons for dropping out from mental health care in a Japanese community-based sample.An interview survey was conducted with a random sample of residents living in 11 communities across Japan during the years 2002-2006. Data from 4130 participants were analyzed.The most frequently reported reason for not seeking mental health care was a low perceived need (63.9%). The most common reason for delaying access to help was the wish to handle the problem on one's own (68.8%), while the most common reason for dropping out of care was also a low perceived need (54.2%). Being a woman and of younger age were key sociodemographic barriers to the use of mental health services.Low perceived need was a major reason for not seeking, delay in using, and dropout from mental health services in Japan. In addition, low perceived need and structural barriers were more frequently reported than attitudinal barriers, with the exception of a desire to handle the problem on one's own. These findings suggest that improving therapist-patient communication and quality of mental health care, as well as mental health literacy education in the community, might improve access to care in Japan.
| S-EPMC4472610 | biostudies-literature