Characteristics of Ethical Leadership: Themes Identification Through Convergent Parallel Mixed Method Design From the Pakistan Context.
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SUBMITTER: Shahab H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8719645 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundHealthcare professionals including physicians were subjected to an increased workload during the COVID-19 crisis, leaving them exposed to significant physical and psychological distress. Therefore, our present study aimed to (i) assess the prevalence of burnout and levels of job satisfaction among physicians in Jordan, and (ii) explore physicians' opinions, experiences, and perceptions during the pandemic crisis.MethodsThis was a mixed-method study that utilized a structured web-based questionnaire and semi-structured individual interviews. The 10-Item Burnout Measure-Short version (BMS), and the 5-Item Short Index of Job Satisfaction (SIJS) were adopted to assess occupational burnout and job satisfaction, respectively. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, based on a conceptual framework that was developed from Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation and Job Demands-Resources Model. Descriptive statistics and regression models, as well as inductive thematic analysis, were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.ResultsA total of 973 survey responses and 11 interviews were included in our analysis. The prevalence of burnout among physicians was (57.7%). Several significant factors were positively associated with burnout, including female gender, working at highly loaded hospitals, working for long hours, doing night shifts, lack of sufficient access to personal protective equipment, and being positively tested for SARS-CoV-2. Regarding job satisfaction, regression analysis revealed that age was positively associated with higher levels of job satisfaction. On contrary, being a general practitioner or specialist, working at highly loaded hospitals, low salaries, and suffering from burnout have predicted lower levels of job satisfaction. Besides, four themes have emerged from the thematic analysis: (i) Work-induced psychological distress during the pandemic, (ii) Decision-driven satisfactory and dissatisfactory experiences, (iii) Impact of the pandemic on doctor-patient communication and professional skills, and (iv) Economic impacts of the pandemic crisis and lockdown.ConclusionA significant physical and psychological burden was associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Reliable efforts should be implemented aiming at protecting physicians' physical and mental wellbeing, enhancing their working conditions, and raising awareness about burnout. Evidence-based decisions and proper utilization of financial and human resources at institutional and national levels are believed to be crucial for the sustainability of the health workforce, especially in crises.
| S-EPMC8079229 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Pregnancy, birth, and motherhood are among the most important events of every woman's life. Training and participation of mothers in the decision-making process of delivery play an essential role in physical as well as psychosocial preparation of the mother. The healthcare system can improve and enhance the level of care by involving the patient in their self-care process. The aim of the present study is to assess the implementation of the birth plan for the first time in Iran in Tabriz city. METHODS/DESIGN:The present study uses a mixed-method with a parallel convergence approach, including both quantitative and qualitative phases. The quantitative phase is a randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 106 pregnant women, 32-36?weeks of pregnancy, referring to Taleghani educational hospital in Tabriz city. The participants will be assigned into intervention and control groups using a randomized block method. A training session will be held about the items of the birth plan checklist at weeks 32-36 of gestation for the participants in the intervention group, whereby a mother-requested birth plan will be developed. It will then be implemented by the researcher after admitting them to the delivery ward. Also, those in the control group will receive routine care. During and after the delivery, the questionnaire of delivery information, neonatal information, and Delivery Fear Scale (DFS) will be completed. Also, a partogram will be completed for all participants by the researcher. The participants in both groups will be followed up until six weeks post-delivery, whereby the instruments of Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ2.0), Edinburgh's Postpartum Depression Scale and PTSD Symptom Scale 1 (PSS-I) will be completed six weeks 4-6?weeks postpartum by the researcher through an interview with participants in Taleghani educational hospital. The general linear model and multivariate logistic regression model will be used while controlling the possible confounding variables. The qualitative phase will be performed to explore the women's perception of the effect of the birth plan on childbirth experience within 4-6?weeks postpartum. The sampling will be of a purposeful type on the women who would receive the birth plan and will continue until data saturation. In-depth, semi-structured individual interviews would be used for data collection. The data analysis will be done through content analysis with a conventional approach. The results of the quantitative and qualitative phases will be analyzed separately, and then combined in the interpretation stage. DISCUSSION:By investigating the effect of implementing the birth plan on the childbirth experience of women as well as other maternal and neonatal outcomes, an evidence-based insight can be offered using a culturally sensitive approach. The presentation of the results obtained from this study using the mixed method may be effective in improving the quality of care provided for women during labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20120718010324N58. Date of registration: July 7, 2020. URL: https://en.irct.ir/user/trial/47007/view.
| S-EPMC7487561 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSubstance use among adolescents poses significant risks to their health, wellbeing, and development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Ghana. However, little is known about the outlets and reasons for substance use among Ghanaian adolescents. This study examined the prevalence, correlates, reasons for substance use, and outlets of these substances among adolescents aged 10-17 in Ghana.MethodsData were obtained from the Department of Children, Ministry of Gender, Children, and Social Protection, Ghana, which employed a cross-sectional convergent parallel mixed-methods technique to collect quantitative and qualitative data from children aged 8-17, parents or legal guardians and officials of state institutions responsible for the promotion and protection of children's rights and wellbeing. Overall, 4144 adolescents aged 10-17 were interviewed for the quantitative data, while 92 adolescents participated in 10 focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to analyse the quantitative data, while the qualitative data was analysed thematically.ResultsThe prevalence of substance use was 12.3%. Regarding the types of substance use, alcohol (56.9%) and cigarettes (26.4%) were the most common substances. Being a male and currently working are significant risk factors, whereas being aged 10-13, and residing in the Middle- and Northern-ecological belts of Ghana are significant protective factors of substance use. Peers, household members who use substances, drug stores, and drug peddlers are the major outlets. The reasons for substance use were fun, substance as an aphrodisiac, boosting self-confidence, dealing with anxiety, and improved social status.ConclusionsThere is a relatively high substance use among adolescents in Ghana, and this calls for a multi-sectoral approach to addressing substance use by providing risk-behaviour counselling, parental control, and effective implementation of substance use laws and regulations.
| S-EPMC10905778 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:The present study aimed to evaluate the iLead intervention and to investigate whether or not transfer of training can be supported by contextualising the intervention (recruiting all managers from one branch of the organisation while focusing on one implementation case, as well as training senior management). DESIGN:A pre-evaluation-postevaluation design was applied using mixed methods with process and effect surveys and interviews to measure the effects on three levels. SETTING:Healthcare managers from Stockholm's regional healthcare organisation were invited to the training. PARTICIPANTS:52 managers participated in the iLead intervention. Group 1 consisted of 21 managers from different organisations and with different implementation cases. Group 2, representing the contextualised group, consisted of 31 managers from the same organisation, working on the same implementation case, where senior management also received training. INTERVENTION:iLead is an intervention where healthcare managers are trained in implementation leadership based on the full-range leadership model. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Reactions, knowledge and implementation leadership are measured. RESULTS:Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicate that iLead was perceived to be of high quality and capable of increasing participants' knowledge. Mixed effects were found regarding changes in behaviours. The contextualisation did not have a boosting effect on behaviour change. Hence, group 2 did not increase its active implementation leadership in comparison with group 1. CONCLUSIONS:iLead introduces a new approach to how implementation leadership can be trained when knowledge of effective leadership for implementations is combined with findings on the importance of environmental factors for the transfer of training. Even though managers reported general positive effects, transfer was not facilitated through the contextualisation of the intervention. There is a need to further develop approaches to help participants subsequently apply the learnt skills in their work environment.
| S-EPMC7045007 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundConsidering the values and preferences of individuals who attempt to quit smoking is a crucial step in the development of smoking cessation technologies. This study aimed to explore preferences regarding smart smoking cessation technologies.MethodsThis parallel convergent mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases: quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative phase, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 360 participants selected through stratified random sampling from technology-based smoking cessation clinics in Tabriz, Tehran, and Karaj cities in Iran. Data on demographic characteristics and preferences for smart smoking cessation technologies were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the qualitative phase, 25 users of these technologies were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling. The data were gathered through in-depth semistructured interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated using the merging strategy and convergence model.ResultsThe quantitative phase results indicated that the highest preference was related to wearing and using a smartwatch for smoking cessation and using mobile apps. In the qualitative phase, 17 subcategories were extracted and classified into 8 main categories: high effectiveness, better management of the smoking cessation process, personalized technology, safe and uncomplicated technologies, attractiveness and innovative design, scientific basis, mobile applications, and smart monitoring devices.ConclusionBy combining and integrating quantitative and qualitative results, it can be concluded that users are more interested in wearable technologies and interactive mobile applications. The findings of this study can assist smoking cessation technology developers in designing and improving their tools based on user needs and preferences to enhance their effectiveness and acceptability.
| S-EPMC11316382 | biostudies-literature
Project description:With a growing number of studies showing the applicability of the self-determination theory for various work and organizational outcomes, the next logical step is to investigate if and how employee need satisfaction at work can be purposefully increased through an intervention. The purpose of the present study was to test whether we could train managers' display of autonomy, competence, and relatedness support toward employees and whether this resulted in improved employee need satisfaction, well-being, and job performance. Data were obtained from 37 managers (rated by N = 538 subordinates) assigned to either an experimental or control condition at three time points: before, during, and after the training. We also used focus group interviews to evaluate the experience of the training. The quantitative analyses showed no statistically significant improvement in managers' display of needs support or employee need satisfaction. However, the qualitative data pointed toward important factors related to the implementation of need supportive leadership training that should be considered.
| S-EPMC6773884 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA Second Opinion Directive (SOD) was introduced in Germany in December 2018 for elective surgeries such as hysterectomy, tonsillotomy, tonsillectomy, and shoulder arthroscopy. The aim of the SOD is to avoid surgeries which are not medically induced and to support patients in their decision-making process. A physician who indicates an SOD-relevant procedure must inform the patient about the SOD and its specifications. At this time, it is not clear whether physicians provide information about the SOD to patients and whether and how the SOD is implemented in daily practice. Furthermore, nothing is known about how patients react when they are told that they have the right to seek a second opinion according to the SOD.MethodsTo assess this, we undertook a parallel-convergent mixed-methods study with a qualitative and quantitative phase. Qualitative data were analysed by structured qualitative content analysis and survey data were analysed descriptively.Results26 interviews were conducted with patients for whom one of the above-mentioned surgeries was indicated. In parallel, a questionnaire survey with 102 patients was conducted. The results show that the SOD is not implemented in Germany for the selected indications because patients were not informed as intended. At the same time, when the right to obtain a second opinion was explained, it seemed to have a positive effect on the physician-patient relationship from patients` perspective.ConclusionsIt is possible that there is a lack of information for physicians, which in turn leads to an information deficit for patients. Better information for physicians might be part of the solution, but a negative attitude towards the SOD might also result in the low education rate. Therefore, in addition, potential patients or even the general population should be better informed about the possibility of obtaining a second opinion.
| S-EPMC10623803 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Graduate students’ academic misconduct has received increasing attention. Although past literature has emphasized university faculty as an important influencing factor on students’ moral behaviors, the mechanisms must be further disclosed. We investigated how supervisors’ ethical leadership influenced graduate students’ attitudes toward academic misconduct. We explained why and how supervisor gender affects post-graduate students’ social learning process by integrating social cognitive theory and role congruity theory. Study 1 used a sample of 301 graduate students in 60 academic teams in four Chinese business schools. Study 2 used experimental vignette methodology to enhance the findings’ internal and external validity and provided evidence of causality. Based on the two complementary studies, we found that supervisors’ ethical leadership significantly inhibited students’ acceptance of academic misconduct through students’ moral efficacy and the ethical climate of the academic team. The indirect effect via moral efficacy was more significant s for female supervisors. Implications for ethical leadership, academic misconduct, gender differences in leadership, and moral education were discussed.
| S-EPMC10089344 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:Ethical leadership plays an important role in improving the organizational climate and may be have an effect on citizenship behavior. Despite the growing emphasis on ethics in organizations, little attention to has been given this issue. The purpose of this study was to identify ethical leadership, an ethical climate, and their relationship with organizational citizenship behavior from nurses' perspective. Methods:In this descriptive correlational study, 250 nurses in twelve teaching hospitals in Tehran were selected by multistage sampling during 2016-2017. The data were collected using Ethical Leadership Questionnaire, Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale. Results:The findings showed a significant correlation between ethical leadership in managers, organizational citizenship behavior (P?=?0.04, r?=?0.09) and an ethical climate (P?<?0.001, r?=?0.65). There was a significant correlation between an ethical climate and nurses' organizational citizenship behavior (P?<?0.001, r?=?0.61). The regression analysis showed that ethical leadership and an ethical climate is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior and confirms the relationship between the variables. Conclusion:Applying an ethical leadership style and creating the necessary conditions for a proper ethical climate in hospitals lead to increased organizational citizenship behavior by staff. To achieve organizational goals, nurse managers can use these concepts to enhance nurses' satisfaction and improve their performance.
| S-EPMC7057459 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSuccessful management of public health challenges requires developing and nurturing leadership competencies. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training simulations to assess public health leadership and decision-making competencies during emergencies as an effective learning and training method.MethodsWe examined the effects of two simulation scenarios on public health school students in terms of their experience (compared to face-to-face learning) and new skills acquired for dealing with similar emergent situations in the future. A mixed-methods design included developing a validated and pre-tested questionnaire with open-and closed-ended questions that examined the simulation impact and the degree of student satisfaction with the conditions in which it was conducted. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the students after going through the simulations. The questionnaire results were evaluated using descriptive analytics. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analyses. All data were collected during June 2022.ResultsThe questionnaire results indicate that students strengthened their interpersonal communication skills and learned about the importance of listening to the opinions of others before formulating their positions. Four themes emerged from 16 in-depth interviews, according to Kolb's experimental learning cycle. Students emphasized the effectiveness of experiential learning versus traditional classroom learning. The simulation scenarios were felt to realistically convey critical issues regarding leadership, decision-making, and teamwork challenges. They effectively conveyed the importance of building a culture of conducting substantive and respectful discussions.ConclusionSimulation is a powerful pedagogical training tool for public health leadership competencies. Simulations were seen to be advantageous over face-to-face learning in imparting a range of leadership skills and hands-on practice. We recommend integrating simulations in all public health leadership training programs.
| S-EPMC10359821 | biostudies-literature