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Multiple biological effects of secondary metabolites of Ziziphus jujuba: isolation and mechanistic insights through in vitro and in silico studies.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we tested tyrosinase and α-glucosidase effects of different extracts of Ziziphus jujuba fruits. The n-BuOH subextract inhibited both tyrosinase and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 18.82 ± 1.13 and 25.03 ± 0.77 µg/mL, respectively) better than the positive controls kojic acid and acarbose (IC₅₀ = 58.26 ± 0.25 and 46.10 ± 2.3 µg/mL, respectively). Thus, the n-BuOH extract was selected for further phytochemical studies. Indole-3-lactic acid methylester, catechin, magnoflorine, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-galactopyranoside, and procyanidin B4 were isolated from the extract. We tested α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects, as well as DNA nuclease effects of the isolated compounds. Procyanidin B4 exhibited the best activity against both tyrosinase and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 60.25 ± 0.88 and 170.18 ± 5.60 µg/mL, respectively). The isolates did not show any nuclease effect at increasing concentrations. Molecular docking studies provided insights into inhibition mechanisms of the isolates against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase at the molecular level.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00217-021-03946-0.

SUBMITTER: Sohretoglu D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8742163 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The species complex around the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum Karst. (Ganodermataceae) is widely known in traditional medicines, as well as in modern applications such as functional food or nutraceuticals. A considerable number of publications reflects its abundance and variety in biological actions either provoked by primary metabolites, such as polysaccharides, or secondary metabolites, such as lanostane-type triterpenes. However, due to this remarkable amount of information, a rationalization of the individual Ganoderma constituents to biological actions on a molecular level is quite challenging. To overcome this issue, a database was generated containing meta-information, i.e., chemical structures and biological actions of hitherto identified Ganoderma constituents (279). This was followed by a computational approach subjecting this 3D multi-conformational molecular dataset to in silico parallel screening against an in-house collection of validated structure- and ligand-based 3D pharmacophore models. The predictive power of the evaluated in silico tools and hints from traditional application fields served as criteria for the model selection. Thus, the focus was laid on representative druggable targets in the field of viral infections (5) and diseases related to the metabolic syndrome (22). The results obtained from this in silico approach were compared to bioactivity data available from the literature. 89 and 197 Ganoderma compounds were predicted as ligands of at least one of the selected pharmacological targets in the antiviral and the metabolic syndrome screening, respectively. Among them only a minority of individual compounds (around 10%) has ever been investigated on these targets or for the associated biological activity. Accordingly, this study discloses putative ligand target interactions for a plethora of Ganoderma constituents in the empirically manifested field of viral diseases and metabolic syndrome which serve as a basis for future applications to access yet undiscovered biological actions of Ganoderma secondary metabolites on a molecular level.

Dataset Information

Multiple biological effects of secondary metabolites of Ziziphus jujuba: isolation and mechanistic insights through in vitro and in silico studies.

Supplementary information

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