Effects of Resistance Training Intervention along with Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation on Sarcopenia and Frailty in Post-Hospitalized Older Adults: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
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SUBMITTER: Amasene M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8745511 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:(1) Background: In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D in sarcopenia; (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases and retrieved studies published until 5 December 2022. Randomized controlled trials were included to evaluate muscle mass, strength, and function, after using whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation in patients with sarcopenia; (3) Results: A total of three studies including 637 patients reported the effectiveness of using whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation in patients with sarcopenia. Without considering whether or not a physical exercise program was combined with nutritional supplementation, no significant differences in grip strength or short physical performance battery (SPPB) scores between the experimental and control groups were noted. However, appendicular muscle mass significantly improved in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results were analyzed according to the presence or absence of a concomitant physical exercise program. With the use of a concomitant physical exercise program, handgrip strength and SPPB scores in the experimental group significantly improved when compared to the control group. In contrast, when physical exercise was not combined, there was no significant improvement in the handgrip strength and SPPB scores of patients with sarcopenia. In addition, the appendicular muscle mass significantly increased regardless of the presence of a concomitant physical exercise program; (4) Conclusions: Whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation can increase appendicular muscle mass in patients with sarcopenia. In addition, combining a physical exercise program with whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation can improve muscle strength and function.
| S-EPMC9920795 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIncreasing protein intake (above the Recommended Dietary Amount) alone or with resistance-based exercise is suggested to improve cardiometabolic health; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm this.MethodsThe Liverpool Hope University-Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT) was a 16 week RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02912130) of 100 community-dwelling older adults [mean age: 68.73 ± 5.80 years, body mass index: 27.06 ± 5.18 kg/m2 (52% women)] who were randomized to four independent groups [Control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise + Protein (EP), Protein (P)]. E and EP completed supervised and progressive resistance-based exercise (resistance exercise: two times per week, functional circuit exercise: once per week), while EP and P were supplemented with a leucine-enriched whey protein drink (three times per day) based on individual body weight (0.50 g/kg/meal, 1.50 g/kg/day). Outcome measures including arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity), fasting plasma/serum biomarkers [glucose/glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein, insulin, resistin, leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, cystatin-C, & ferritin], insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and kidney function (eGFR) were measured before and after intervention.ResultsTotal protein intake (habitual diet plus supplementation) increased to 1.55 ± 0.69 g/kg/day in EP and to 1.93 ± 0.72 g/kg/day in P, and remained significantly lower (P < 0.001) in unsupplemented groups (E: 1.08 ± 0.33 g/kg/day, C: 1.00 ± 0.26 g/kg/day). At 16 weeks, there was a group-by-time interaction whereby absolute changes in LDL-cholesterol were lower in EP [mean difference: -0.79 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.29, -0.28, P = 0.002] and P (mean difference: -0.76 mmol/L, 95% CI: -1.26, -0.26, P = 0.003) vs. C. Serum insulin also showed group-by-time interactions at 16 weeks whereby fold changes were lower in EP (mean difference: -0.40, 95% CI: -0.65, -0.16, P = 0.001) and P (mean difference: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.56, -0.08, P = 0.009) vs. C, and fold changes in HOMA-IR improved in EP (mean difference: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.64, -0.10, P = 0.007) and P (mean difference: -0.27, 95% CI: -0.53, -0.00, P = 0.048) vs. C. Serum resistin declined in P only (group-by-time interaction at 16 weeks: P = 0.009). No other interactions were observed in outcome measures (P > 0.05), and kidney function (eGFR) remained unaltered.ConclusionsSixteen weeks of leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation alone and combined with resistance-based exercise improved cardiometabolic health markers in older adults.
| S-EPMC8718053 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Age-related strength and muscle mass loss is further increased after acute periods of inactivity. To avoid this, resistance training has been proposed as an effective countermeasure, but the additional effect of a protein supplement is not so clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a whey protein supplement enriched with leucine after resistance training on muscle mass and strength gains in a post-hospitalized elderly population. A total of 28 participants were included and allocated to either protein supplementation or placebo supplementation following resistance training for 12 weeks (2 days/week). Physical function (lower and upper body strength, aerobic capacity and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test), mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and body composition (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of resistance training. Both groups showed improvements in physical function after the intervention (p < 0.01), but there were no further effects for the protein group (p > 0.05). Muscle mass did not improve after resistance training in either group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, 12 weeks of resistance training are enough to improve physical function in a post-hospitalized elderly population with no further benefits for the protein-supplemented group.
| S-EPMC6835698 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSarcopenia, which is strongly associated with mortality and quality of life, occurs in up to 40% of hemodialysis patients. Here, we investigated the preventive effects of leucine-enriched amino acid supplementation and resistance exercise in non-sarcopenic hemodialysis patients, and characterized the biochemical and immunophenotypic profiles of those who benefited from the intervention.MethodsTwenty-two patients on maintenance hemodialysis at our hospital were enrolled in this single center, prospective, single-arm pilot trial. For the first 12 weeks, the subjects were administered a total of 6 g of leucine per day. Three grams were supplied via capsules, and the remaining three grams were provided via beverages containing macro- and micro- nutrients, such as 10 μg of vitamin D and 290 mg of calcium. The supplements were not provided for the next 12 weeks. Muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance were measured using the bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), handgrip strength (HGS), and short physical performance battery (SPPB) protocols, respectively, at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. In addition, serum biochemistry, immunophenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and nutritional status was assessed at the three time points. Those who showed 5% or more improvement in parameters were defined as responders, otherwise, as non-responders (ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT04927208).ResultsTwenty-one out of twenty-two patients (95.4%) showed improvement in at least one or more parameters among muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance. After 12 weeks of intervention, skeletal muscle index was increased in 14 patients (63.6%), and grip strength was improved in 7 patients (31.8%). Baseline grip strength lower than 35.0 kg was the strongest predictor of improvement in grip strength (AUC 0.933 from ROC curve). Grip strength showed a significant increase in females than males (7.6 ± 8.2 vs. -1.6 ± 7.2%, p = 0.03), in age over 60 than under 60 (5.3 ± 6.2 vs. -1.4 ± 9.1%, p = 0.04), and in higher (≥95%) than lower (<95%) exercise compliance (6.8 ± 7.7 vs. -3.2 ± 6.4%, p = 0.004). In SPPB study, gait speed and sit-to-stand time was improved in 13 patients (59.1%) and 14 patients (63.6%), respectively. Baseline hemoglobin lower than 10.5 g/dl and hematocrit lower than 30.8% were predictor of improvement in the sit-to-stand time (AUC 0.862 and 0.848, respectively). Serum biochemistry results showed that, compared to non-responders, responders in muscle mass had lower baseline monocyte fraction (8.4 ± 1.9 vs. 6.9 ± 1.1%, p = 0.03), and responders in grip strength had lower baseline total protein (6.7 ± 0.4 vs. 6.4 ± 0.3 g/dL, p = 0.04). Immunophenotypic analysis found that the intervention tended to increase the naïve/memory CD8+ T cell ratio (from 1.2 ± 0.8 to 1.4 ± 1.1, p = 0.07).ConclusionLeucine-enriched amino acid supplementation and resistance exercise induced significant improvement in muscle mass, strength, and physical function in subpopulation of the non-sarcopenic hemodialysis patients. Those who benefited from the intervention were old-age females with lower baseline grip strength or lower hemoglobin or hematocrit, and who have good exercise compliance. Therefore, we propose that the intervention will help to prevent sarcopenia in selected patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
| S-EPMC10176607 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To evaluate the effects of short-term administration of enriched branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on subjects with pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia, our quasi-experimental study enrolled 33 subjects (12 pre-sarcopenia/21 sarcopenia; 6 men/27 women; mean age 66.6 ± 10.3 years) to take one sachet (3.6 g) of enriched BCAA powder twice a day for five weeks followed by a discontinuation period of 12 weeks. We evaluated sarcopenic parameters, including grip strength, 6-meter gait speed, and bioelectrical-impedance-analysis-derived skeletal mass index (SMI), at baseline, 5 weeks, and 17 weeks. We found that both pre-sarcopenic and sarcopenic subjects showed improved SMI, gait speed, and grip strength at 5 weeks. However, all three parameters progressively declined at 17 weeks, especially SMI and grip strength in subjects aged < 65 years and gait speed and grip strength in subjects aged ≥ 65 years. It thus appears that supplementation with enriched BCAAs for 5 weeks correlates with short-term positive effects on sarcopenic parameters but attenuation of those effects following discontinuation for 12 weeks.
| S-EPMC7425429 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA chronic low-grade inflammatory profile (CLIP) is associated with sarcopenia in older adults. Protein and Vitamin (Vit)D have immune-modulatory potential, but evidence for effects of nutritional supplementation on CLIP is limited.AimTo investigate whether 13 weeks of nutritional supplementation of VitD and leucine-enriched whey protein affected CLIP in subjects enrolled in the PROVIDE-study, as a secondary analysis.MethodsSarcopenic adults (low skeletal muscle mass) aged ≥ 65 years with mobility limitations (Short Physical Performance Battery 4-9) and a body mass index of 20-30 kg/m2 were randomly allocated to two daily servings of active (n = 137, including 20 g of whey protein, 3 g of leucine and 800 IU VitD) or isocaloric control product (n = 151) for a double-blind period of 13 weeks. At baseline and after 13 weeks, circulating interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), soluble tumor-necrosis-factor receptor (sTNFR)1, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, pre-albumin and 25-hydroxyvitamin(OH)D were measured. Data-analysis included repeated measures analysis of covariance (corrected for dietary VitD intake) and linear regression.ResultsIL-6 and IL-1Ra serum levels showed overall increases after 13 weeks (p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, respectively). For IL-6 a significant time × treatment interaction (p = 0.046) was observed, with no significant change over time in the active group (p = 0.155) compared to control (significant increase p = 0.012). IL-8 showed an overall significant decrease (p = 0.03). The change in pre-albumin was a significant predictor for changes in IL-6 after 13 weeks.ConclusionsWe conclude that 13 weeks of nutritional supplementation with VitD and leucine-enriched whey protein may attenuate the progression of CLIP in older sarcopenic persons with mobility limitations.
| S-EPMC6583678 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that sarcopenia appears to be a significant contributor to physical frailty among outpatients with cirrhosis. However, the evidence is scant regarding the relationship between sarcopenia and multi-dimensional frailty among inpatients. We aimed to investigate the potential contribution of sarcopenia to frailty in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis in a sex-dependent manner.MethodsThis cohort enrolled consecutive cirrhotics. Muscle quantity and quality were assessed using the computed tomography-based skeletal muscle index (SMI) and intramuscular adipose tissue content, respectively. Frailty phenotype was clarified by a self-reported Frailty Index. Multiple linear regression determined the association between sarcopenia and frailty phenotype.ResultsA total of 202 cirrhotic patients with 48.5% male were included. The median Frailty Index was 0.13, rendering 17.3% subjects as frail. Among the 16 frail men, 68.8% had sarcopenia and 62.5% exhibited myosteatosis. In contrast, among the 19 frail women, 26.3% had sarcopenia and 15.8% exhibited myosteatosis. Frail patients had a significantly lower median SMI (42.80 cm2/m2) compared with those with pre-frailty (48.23 cm2/m2) and with robust status (50.82 cm2/m2) in the male but not the female group. In male patients, multivariate linear regression implicated age (β = 0.330, p < 0.001), SMI (β = -0.260, p < 0.001), albumin (β = -0.245, p = 0.005), and sodium (β = -0.179, p = 0.037) as independent risk factors for frailty.ConclusionSarcopenia is associated with multi-dimensional frailty in male patients with cirrhosis. It is tempting to incorporate sex-specific intervention with the purpose of mitigating frailty among inpatients.
| S-EPMC8320564 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Critically ill patients lose up to 2% of muscle mass per day. We assessed the feasibility of administering a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (L-EAA) supplement to mechanically ventilated trauma patients with the aim of assessing the effect on skeletal muscle mass and function. METHODS:A randomised feasibility study was performed over six?months in intensive care (ICU). Patients received 5?g?L-EAA five times per day in addition to standard feed (L-EAA group) or standard feed only (control group) for up to 14?days. C-reactive protein, albumin, IL-6, IL-10, urinary 3-MH, nitrogen balance, protein turnover ([1-13C] leucine infusion), muscle depth change (ultrasound), functional change (Katz and Barthel indices) and muscle strength Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score to assess ICU Acquired Weakness were measured sequentially. RESULTS:Eight patients (9.5% of screened patients) were recruited over six?months. L-EAA doses were provided on 91/124 (73%) occasions. Inflammatory and urinary marker data were collected; serial muscle depth measurements were lacking due to short length of stay. Protein turnover studies were performed on five occasions. MRC sum score could not be performed as patients were not able to respond to the screening questions. The Katz and Barthel indices did not change. L-EAA delivery was achievable, but meaningful functional and muscle mass outcome measures require careful consideration in the design of a future randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSION:L-EAA was practical to provide, but we found significant barriers to recruitment and measurement of the chosen outcomes which would need to be addressed in the design of a future, large randomised controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN79066838 . Registered on 25 July 2012.
| S-EPMC6737604 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Antioxidant (AOX) deficiencies are commonly observed in older adults and oxidative stress has been suggested to contribute to sarcopenia. Here we investigate if 1) low levels of dietary antioxidants had a negative impact on parameters of muscle mass, function and quality, and 2) to study if nutritional interventions with AOX and/or leucine-enriched whey protein could improve these muscle parameters in aged mice. 18-months-old mice were fed a casein-based antioxidant-deficient (lowox) diet or a casein-based control-diet (CTRL) for 7 months. During the last 3 months, lowox-mice were subjected to either: a) continued lowox, b) supplementation with vitamin A/E, Selenium and Zinc (AOX), c) substitution of casein with leucine-enriched whey protein (PROT) or d) a combination of both AOX and PROT (TOTAL). After 7 months lowox-mice displayed lower muscle strength and more muscle fatigue compared to CTRL. Compared to lowox-mice, PROT-mice showed improved muscle power, grip strength and less muscle fatigue. AOX-mice showed improved oxidative status, less muscle fatigue, improved grip strength and mitochondrial dynamics compared to lowox-mice. The TOTAL-mice showed the combined effects of both interventions compared to lowox-mice. In conclusion, nutritional intervention with AOX and/or leucine-enriched whey protein can play a role in improving muscle health in a AOX-deficient mouse model.
| S-EPMC4951216 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent. Although several definitions exist for these terms, in the field of hepatology, sarcopenia has commonly been defined as loss of muscle mass, and frailty has been broadly defined as the phenotypic manifestation of the loss of muscle function. Prompt recognition and accurate assessment of these conditions are critical as they are both strongly associated with morbidity, mortality, poor quality of life and worse post-liver transplant outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. In this review, we describe the complex pathophysiology that underlies the clinical phenotypes of sarcopenia and frailty, their association with decompensation, and provide an overview of tools to assess these conditions in patients with cirrhosis. When available, we highlight data focusing on patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis, such as inpatients, as this is an area of unmet clinical need. Finally, we discuss management strategies to reverse and/or prevent the development of sarcopenia and frailty, which include adequate nutritional intake of calories and protein, as well as regular exercise of at least moderate intensity, with a mix of aerobic and resistance training. Key knowledge gaps in our understanding of sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis remain, including best methods to measure muscle mass and function in the inpatient setting, racial/ethnic variation in the development and presentation of sarcopenia and frailty, and optimal clinical metrics to assess response to therapeutic interventions that translate into a reduction in adverse outcomes associated with these conditions.
| S-EPMC9125684 | biostudies-literature