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The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites.

ABSTRACT: The production of hybrid layered composites allows comprehensive modification of their properties and adaptation to the final expectations. Different methods, such as hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, and resin infusion were applied to manufacture the hybrid composites. In turn, fabrics used for manufacturing composites were made of glass (G), aramid (A), carbon (C), basalt (B), and flax (F) fibers. Flexural, puncture impact behavior, and cone calorimetry tests were applied to establish the effect of the manufacturing method and the fabrics layout on the mechanical and fire behavior of epoxy-based laminates. The lowest flammability and smoke emission were noted for composites made by vacuum bagging (approximately 40% lower values of total smoke release compared with composites made by the hand lay-up method). It was demonstrated that multi-layer hybrid composites made by vacuum bagging might enhance the fire safety levels and simultaneously maintain high mechanical properties designed for, e.g., the railway and automotive industries.

SUBMITTER: Salasinska K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8746176 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Modified Epoxy Resin on the Burning Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber Composite.

Project description:Aramid fiber/epoxy resin (AF/EP) composite has been heavily used as an impact protection material due to its excellent mechanical properties and lightweight merits. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to concern the flammability of matrix resin and the wick effect of aramid fiber, which would constitute a fire risk in harsh environments. In this work, a multifunctional flame-retardant modifier (EAD) was incorporated into the AF/EP system to improve the flame retardation. The addition of 5 wt% EAD made the AF/EP composite exhibit a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 37.5%, self-extinguishment, as well as decreased total heat release and total smoke release. The results from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the treated composites maintained good thermal stability. Due to the combined action of covalent and noncovalent bonds in the matrix-rich region, the interfacial bonding improved, which endowed AF/EP composite with strengthening and toughening effects. Compared with the control sample AF/EP, the tensile strength and ballistic parameter (V50) of the sample with 5 wt% EAD increased by 17% and 10%, accompanied with ductile failure mode. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism was obtained by analyzing the actions in condensed and gaseous phases. Thanks to good compatibility and interfacial adhesion, the incorporation of EAD solved the inconsistent issue between flame retardancy and mechanical properties, which further expanded the application of AF/EP composite in the protection field.

| S-EPMC11356078 | biostudies-literature

Hybrid Epoxy Composites with Both Powder and Fiber Filler: A Review of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties.

Project description:Fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are used in various branches of industry because of their favorable strength and thermal properties, resistance to chemical and atmospheric conditions, as well as low specific gravity. This review discusses the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of hybrid epoxy composites that were reinforced with glass, carbon, and basalt fabric modified with powder filler. The modification of the epoxy matrix mainly leads to an improvement in its adhesion to the layers of reinforcing fibers in the form of laminate fabrics. Some commonly used epoxy matrix modifiers in powder form include carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoclay, silica, and natural fillers. Fiber fabric reinforcement can be unidirectional, multidirectional, biaxial, or have plain, twill, and satin weave, etc. Commonly used methods of laminating epoxy composites are hand lay-up process, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and hot or cold pressing. The following review is a valuable source of information on multiscale epoxy composites due to the multitude of technological and material solutions.

| S-EPMC7215734 | biostudies-literature

Preparation, Thermal Analysis, and Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fiber/Epoxy Composites.

Project description:In this study, basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites with epoxy matrix, 20 layers, and volume fraction of fibers Vf = 53.66%, were prepared by a hand lay-up compression molding combined method. The fabric of the basalt fibers is in twill 2/2 weave. Through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), their viscoelastic behavior at elevated temperatures and in various frequencies was explored, whereas thermomechanical analysis (TMA) took part in terms of creep recovery and stress-relaxation tests. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the BFRP composites was determined through the peak of the tan? curves while the decomposition of the BFRP composites and basalt fibers, in air or nitrogen atmosphere, was explored through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical behavior of the BFRP composites was investigated by tensile and three-point bending experiments. The results showed that as the frequency is raised, the BFRP composites can achieve slightly higher Tg while, under the same circumstances, the storage modulus curve obtains a less steep decrease in the middle transition region. Moreover, the hand lay-up compression molding hybrid technique can be characterized as efficient for the preparation of polymer matrix composites with a relatively high Vf of over 50%. Remarkably, through the TGA experiments, the excellent thermal resistance of the basalt fibers, in the temperature range 30-900 °C, was revealed.

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Synergistic effect of functionalized graphene oxide and carbon nanotube hybrids on mechanical properties of epoxy composites.

Project description:Epoxy resin was grafted to graphene oxide (GO) via esterification reaction and 3D structure hybrids were prepared by combining 1D carbon nanotube (CNT) and 2D functionalized GO through π-stacking interaction. Epoxy composites filled with 3D structure hybrids were fabricated. The results show that functionalized GO effectively improves the dispersibility of CNTs in epoxy matrix due to good compatibility. Excellent mechanical properties were achieved by epoxy composites filled with 3D structure hybrids. The fracture surface analysis indicated improved interfacial interaction between 3D structure hybrids and epoxy matrix, which may due to the covalent bonding formed between the epoxy molecular chain grafted on EGO and the hardener agent during the curing process. In the 3D structure filler network, the mechanisms of crack deflection/bifurcation induced by functionalized GO make the crack path tortuous, which causes the cracks to encounter more CNTs and then promote the mechanisms of CNT fracture and crack bridging, resulting in more energy dissipation. This is the key mechanism for its excellent reinforcing and toughening effects.

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Variation of mechanical and thermal properties in sustainable graphene oxide/epoxy composites.

Project description:In this work, the functional graphene oxide (bGO) was facilely synthesized through a grafted reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and bio-based bis-furan di-epoxide (BFDE). The structure of bGO was confirmed by FTIR spectra and Raman spectra. The properties of polymer composite materials depend on the distribution of the nanofiller in the matrix and due to the presence of polymer chains our bGO sheets exhibit a better dispersibility in solvents and polymer matrix, which provides a potential opportunity for the preparation of BFDE composites with excellent performance. Bio-based BFDE composites containing 0.05-0.5 wt.% of bGO exhibit superior mechanical and thermal properties. The addition of just 0.5?wt% such bGO to an BFDE causes 80%, 49%, 21%, 69% and 97% enhancement in tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, critical stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate, respectively. The thermal decomposition temperature Td of bGO/BFDE composites was increased about ~17?°C compared to blank BFDE sample. In addition, we found that introducing unmodified GO to epoxy matrix lead to an insignificant increase of the thermal property of the resulting GO/BFDE composites. The enhanced mechanical properties and thermal properties of bGO/BFDE composites could be attributed to strong interfacial interactions and high affinity between bGO and epoxy matrix.

| S-EPMC6224379 | biostudies-literature

Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Functionally Graded Unidirectional Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites.

Project description:This paper aims to assess experimentally the mechanical and tribological behavior of conventional and functionally graded (FG) polymeric matrix composites reinforced with continuous glass fibers. The small punch test (SPT) and a pin-on-disc device were used in the present work to examine the mechanical and wear behavior, respectively. The hand lay-up technique was used in the present investigation to manufacture the conventional and FG composites. Various wooden looms with different nailed spacing were employed to manufacture the FG composites. According to test type, the FG composite is composed of four and ten layers, with a different glass fiber volume of fraction (Vf%) for each layer. In addition, the finite element simulation based on Hashin's failure criterion and cohesive zone modeling was used to show the progressive failure and give more explanation regarding the flexural behavior of such composites. The present results indicate that the wear rate of an FG composite could be affected by many factors, including the disk speed, applied load, the composite layers number, and average glass fiber volume fraction. On the other hand, the arrangement of layers in the composite materials by variation of Vf% for each layer can improve the wear rate and value of the ultimate load before the fracture of the composite material when subjected to SPT. The experimental and numerical results for all SPT specimens showed that the fracture of the SPT specimens began beneath the punch tip and grew along the fiber direction. The ultimate flexural capacity of FG composites increased by 30% compared with the conventional composites.

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Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of Glass/Epoxy Composites by a Hybrid Combination of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoparticles.

Project description:In this work, an attempt was made to improve the mechanical performance of glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanoparticles (GNP) and their hybrid combination at different weight fractions (0.1 to 0.3%). Composite laminates with three different configurations (unidirectional [0°]12, cross-ply [0°/90°]3s, and angle-ply [±45°]3s) were manufactured using the compression moulding method. Characterisation tests such as quasistatic compression, flexural, and interlaminar shear strength properties were carried out per ASTM standards. Failure analysis was carried out through optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results showed a substantial enhancement with the 0.2% hybrid combination of MWCNTs, and GNPs showed 80% and 74% in the compressive strength and compressive modulus, respectively. Similarly, flexural strength, modulus, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) increased by 62%, 205%, and 298%, respectively, compared to neat glass/epoxy resin composite. Beyond the 0.2% of fillers, the properties started to degrade due to the agglomeration of MWCNTs/GNPs. The order of layups per mechanical performance was UD, followed by CP and AP.

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Enhancing Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Using Fumed Silica with Different Surface Treatment.

Project description:The objectives of this study are to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy/fumed silica composite with different surface treatments of fumed silica. The addition of silica nanoparticles improved the thermal stability of the composite and slowed down the pyrolysis process. The crosslinking density and Tg of the epoxy/fumed silica composites increased because of the interfacial interaction between the PDMS-treated fumed silica particles and the epoxy matrix. The flexural strength of the epoxy nanocomposite was very high even at a low silica content because of the strong interactions between the PDMS-treated fillers and the epoxy matrix. These strong interfacial interactions originate from the attractive forces between the polymer and the filler. Therefore, the polymer nanocomposite containing the PDMS-treated fumed silica is shown to be sufficiently commercially promising.

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High Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites with Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane Modified Graphene.

Project description:Graphene nanosheets (GNs) often result in incompatibility with the hydrophobic polymer matrix, and the tendency to form aggregates during processing. Herein, liquid crystalline polyurethane modified GNs (GPLP) were obtained by π⁻π stacking interactions between GNs and perylene bisimide derivatives, and then in-situ polymerization of liquid-crystalline polyurethane. Spectroscopic studies, elemental analysis, and thermal properties confirmed the successful π⁻π stacking and the integrated structure of GPLP. The good dispersion state of GPLP in the epoxy matrix (EP), and the strong interactions between GPLP and EP, lead to the significant improvement of the thermal and mechanical performance of the GPLP/EP composites. The impact strength, Young's modulus, tensile strength, and toughness of the GPLP/EP composites with 1.47 wt % GNs reached the highest values of 54.31 kJ/m², 530.8 MPa, 112.33 MPa and 863 J/m³, which significantly increased by 210%, 57%, 143%, and 122% compared to that of neat epoxy, respectively. As well, the glass transition temperature increased by a notable 33 °C. It is hoped that this work can be used to exploit more efficient methods to overcome the poor adhesion between GNs and polymers.

| S-EPMC6415506 | biostudies-literature

Hybrid Cements: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Radiological Behavior.

Project description:The use of more eco-efficient cements in concretes is one of the keys to ensuring construction industry sustainability. Such eco-efficient binders often contain large but variable proportions of industrial waste or by-products in their composition, many of which may be naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). This study explored the application of a new gamma spectrometric method for measuring radionuclide activity in hybrid alkali-activated cements from solid 5 cm cubic specimens rather than powder samples. The research involved assessing the effect of significant variables such as the nature of the alkaline activator, reaction time and curing conditions to relate the microstructures identified to the radiological behavior observed. The findings showed that varying the inputs generated pastes with similar reaction products (C-S-H, C-A-S-H and (N,C)-A-S-H) but different microstructures. The new gamma spectrometric method for measuring radioactivity in solid 5 cm cubic specimens in alkaline pastes was found to be valid. The variables involved in hybrid cement activation were shown to have no impact on specimen radioactive content. The powder samples, however, emanated 222Rn (a descendent of 226Ra), possibly due to the deformation taking place in fly ash structure during alkaline activation. Further research would be required to explain that finding.

| S-EPMC8781129 | biostudies-literature

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