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Association of Household Income Level with Vitamin and Mineral Intake.

ABSTRACT: Appropriate nutrient intake is essential for maintaining health and resisting disease. The current study investigated the association between household income quintile and nutrient intake using data from KNHANES 2019. A total of 5088 South Korean adults were analyzed. The estimated average requirement cut-point method, extended to handle participants with intakes higher than the tolerable upper level, was utilized to determine the need for dietary modification. The suitability of overall vitamin, overall mineral, and individual nutrient intake was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed on overall mineral intake suitability. None of the individual nutrients had an intake ratio of over 70%, with the ratio being under 30% for some nutrients. The intake of iron, phosphorus, vitamin B9, and vitamin C had a significant upward trend as household income rose. A subgroup analysis revealed sex differences in the trends of overall mineral intake. The results revealed that some nutrients are not consumed appropriately in the Korean population. Furthermore, they suggest that household income is significantly associated with the intake of overall minerals and several individual nutrients. These results suggest that nutritional assistance is required for certain vulnerable groups, and provide supplementary data for appropriate interventions or further research.

SUBMITTER: Oh H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8746700 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundIn observational studies, the relationship between coffee intake and bone mineral density (BMD) is contradictory. However, residual confounding tends to bias the results of these studies. Therefore, we used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to further investigate the potential causal relationship between the two.MethodsGenetic instrumental variables (IVs) associated with coffee intake were derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in 428,860 British individuals and matched using phenotypes in PhenoScanner. Summarized data on BMD were obtained from 537,750 participants, including total body BMD (TB-BMD), TB-BMD in five age brackets ≥60, 45-60, 30-45, 15-30, and 0-15 years, and BMD in four body sites: the lumbar spine, the femoral neck, the heel, and the ultradistal forearm. We used inverse variance weighting (IVW) methods as the primary analytical method for causal inference. In addition, several sensitivity analyses (MR-Egger, Weighted median, MR-PRESSO, Cochran's Q test, and Leave-one-out test) were used to test the robustness of the results.ResultsAfter Bonferroni correction, Coffee intake has a potential positive correlation with total body BMD (effect estimate [Beta]: 0.198, 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 0.05-0.35, P=0.008). In subgroup analyses, coffee intake was potentially positively associated with TB-BMD (45-60, 30-45 years) (Beta: 0.408, 95% Cl: 0.12-0.69, P=0.005; Beta: 0.486, 95% Cl: 0.12-0.85, P=0.010). In addition, a significant positive correlation with heel BMD was also observed (Beta: 0.173, 95% Cl: 0.08-0.27, P=0.002). The results of the sensitivity analysis were generally consistent.ConclusionThe results of the present study provide genetic evidence for the idea that coffee intake is beneficial for bone density. Further studies are needed to reveal the biological mechanisms and offer solid support for clinical guidelines on osteoporosis prevention.

Project description:Socioeconomic inequalities as social determinants of health are important issues in public health and health promotion. However, the association between socioeconomic status and eating behaviors has been investigated poorly in Japanese adults. To fill this gap, the present study examines the association of eating behaviors with household income and education.The sample comprised 3,137 Japanese adults (1,580 men and 1,557 women) aged 30 to 59 years who responded to an Internet-based cross-sectional survey in 2014. Data on the following eating behaviors were collected via self-report: "taking care of one's diet for health," "eating vegetables," "frequency of eating breakfast," "frequency of family breakfasts," "frequency of family dinners," "using the information on nutrition labels," and "conversations with family or friends during meals." Self-reported data on socioeconomic status (household income and education) and demographic variables (gender, age, district of residence, marital status, residence status, and employment status) were also collected. The associations between eating behaviors and household income or education were tested using binomial logistic regression analysis with eating behaviors as dependent variables and household income and education as independent variables. A trend P -value was calculated for three categories of household income (less than 3,000,000 JPY, 3,000,000-7,000,000 JPY, and over 7,000,000 JPY) and education (junior high/high school, 2-year college, and 4-year college/graduate school).Higher household income and education were significantly associated with higher rates of eating vegetables, using the information on nutrition labels, and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Higher household incomes were significantly associated with lower rates of frequency of family breakfasts in Japanese men and lower rates of frequency of family dinners in Japanese men and women.Higher socioeconomic status as indicated by household income or education was associated with eating more vegetables and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Socioeconomic status should be considered in health promotion and diet improvement.

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Association of Household Income Level with Vitamin and Mineral Intake.

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