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The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO₂ decline in the late Palaeogene.

ABSTRACT: Grasslands are predicted to experience a major biodiversity change by the year 2100. A better understanding of how grasslands have responded to past environmental changes will help predict the outcome of current and future environmental changes. Here, we explore the relationship between past atmospheric CO₂ and temperature fluctuations and the shifts in diversification rate of Poaceae (grasses) and Asteraceae (daisies), two exceptionally species-rich grassland families (~11,000 and ~23,000 species, respectively). To this end, we develop a Bayesian approach that simultaneously estimates diversification rates through time from time-calibrated phylogenies and correlations between environmental variables and diversification rates. Additionally, we present a statistical approach that incorporates the information of the distribution of missing species in the phylogeny. We find strong evidence supporting a simultaneous increase in diversification rates for grasses and daisies after the most significant reduction of atmospheric CO₂ in the Cenozoic (~34 Mya). The fluctuations of paleo-temperatures, however, appear not to have had a significant relationship with the diversification of these grassland families. Overall, our results shed new light on our understanding of the origin of grasslands in the context of past environmental changes.

SUBMITTER: Palazzesi L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8755714 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Within the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) research program, several facilities were established at different field sites near the towns of Horsham (36.752 S, 142.114 E; 127 m elevation), and Walpeup (35.121 S, 142.005 E; 94 m elevation) in the state of Victoria Australia from 2007 - 2017. These included: TraitFACE, SoilFACE, WalpeupFACE, VegeFACE, and NFACE. These facilities were designed to answer a range of research questions to understand the impacts of elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) on crop physiology and production. To this end, FACE 'rings' (octagons) were built to elevate atmospheric CO2 to 550 µmol/mol expected by 2050. These rings were open structures allowing crops to grow freely, without enclosures. Each side of an octagonal ring was individually controlled by a ring-side controller that injected CO2 over crops as per the control program. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) placed at ring centres sampled air continuously from 10 cm above the crop canopy, while CO2 was injected at a height 15 cm above the crop canopy. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) measured atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) during the cropping season and provided feedback to the controller to maintain ring-centre [CO2] at 550 µmol/mol. The [CO2] data were collected from the centre of each FACE ring from 2007 until 2017. The [CO2] within a ring was measured each second using calibrated IRGAs. Wind direction and speed were monitored continuously at 2 m above the soil surface at the centre of each ring. These measurements were also collected at the centres of a couple of ambient experimental areas (control - no rings) using the same IRGA and wind sensors. A wireless ethernet local area network (LAN) and a Visual Basic program were used to monitor and transmit data from the individual rings and control areas for data logging. Data at every 4th second and one-minute average (A_MN_CO2) from each ring were logged to daily files, and only A_MN_CO2 data were combined into a seasonal cumulative file. All data recorded during the IRGA warmup period and due to equipment malfunction were removed from cleaned data files. Only A_MN_CO2 data from the rings are uploaded in the Mendeley Data Repository for this article because these data are principally used by scientists and researchers. Data columns in an individual clean file are labelled with abbreviated column names and each file includes: 1) RING, 2) DATE, 3) TIME, 4) A_MN_CO2, 5) REGULAT, 6) WIND_SPD, 7) WIND_DIR and 8) RING_SEC. A limited amount of data (2007 CO2 data at ring centres from 8 TraitFACE rings) was published previously [1].

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The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO₂ decline in the late Palaeogene.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Dataset Information

The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets

The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO₂ decline in the late Palaeogene.