Task of leadership for intercultural opening strategies in organizations in adult and continuing education
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ABSTRACT: Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1365/s42681-021-00027-4.
SUBMITTER: Muders S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8764248 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundDespite the known benefits of active learning (AL), the predominate educational format in higher education is the lecture. The reasons for slow adaptation of AL in medical education are not well understood. The purpose of this survey was to determine knowledge, usage, attitudes, and barriers to AL use in academic Continuing Medical Education (CME).MethodA 20-item questionnaire was developed and sent with a link to an online questionnaire to the Society of Academic Continuing Medical Education (SACME) listserv of ~?350 professionals representing academic medical centers, teaching hospitals, and medical specialty societies in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Responses were collected with SurveyMonkey® from October-November, 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS®.ResultsResponses from 146 SACME members in 91 CME units yielded a?~?42% survey response rate. Many respondents reported their self-perceived knowledge of AL as high. Advanced training (e.g., certificate, Master of Education degree) was positively correlated with AL knowledge. AL methods were reportedly used in half of the CME activities in the majority (80%) of institutions. Higher levels of self-perceived knowledge were correlated with an increased percentage of AL-related CME activities. Commonly perceived barriers to use of AL were presenters' lack of familiarity and a need for more time-consuming preparation.ConclusionsMore efforts are needed to increase innovation and incorporate evidence-based AL strategies in medical education, especially to foster learner engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving ability.
| S-EPMC7798232 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Why are there so few Japanese-American Nursing Education leaders in the United States when Asians in general are considered the "model minority"? Several reasons point to the cultural and value differences of an Eastern versus Western perspective. Many who have addressed this issue in other professional fields explain this phenomenon as the bamboo ceiling. This article provides the experiences of two Japanese American Nurse Leaders framed through a theoretical framework proposed by Bolman and Deal (1991), which seems to relate to their "human resource leadership" style and the strong belief and empowerment of others. These leadership types develop symbols and cultures to shape human behavior with the shared mission and identity of the organization in mind which is in concert with the Japanese American cultural values of collectivism. Explanation and recommendations for future leaders are provided along with examples by two nurse leaders which may provide better insight into an answer to the question of "Why so few?"
| S-EPMC6467436 | biostudies-other
Project description:We ask whether patterns of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic stratification in educational attainment are amplified or attenuated when we take a longer view of educational careers. We propose a model of staged advantage to understand how educational inequalities evolve over the life course. Distinct from cumulative advantage, staged advantage asserts that inequalities in education ebb and flow over the life course as the population at risk of making each educational transition changes along with the constraints they confront in seeking more education. Results based on data from the 2014 follow-up of the sophomore cohort of High School and Beyond offer partial support for our hypotheses. The educational attainment process was far from over for our respondents as they aged through their 30s and 40s: more than six of ten continued their formal training during this period and four of ten earned an additional credential. Patterns of educational stratification at midlife became more pronounced in some ways, as women pulled further ahead of men in their educational attainments and parental education (but not income), and high school academic achievement continued to shape educational trajectories at the bachelor's degree level and beyond. However, African American respondents gained on White respondents during this life phase through continued formal (largely academic) training and slightly greater conditional probabilities of graduate or professional degree attainment; social background fails to predict earning an associate degree. These results, showing educational changes and transitions far into adulthood, have implications for our understanding of the complex role of education in stratification processes.
| S-EPMC8494235 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe non-technical skills for surgeons (NOTSS) system was developed as a tool to assess surgical skills for patient safety during surgery. This study aimed to develop a NOTSS-based training system for surgical trainees to acquire non-technical skills using a chest surgery scenario in a wet lab.Materials and methodsTrainees were categorized into three subgroups according to the years of experience as follows: Level A: 6 years or more; Level B: 3-5 years; and Level C: 1-2 years. Three stages of surgical procedure were designed: 1. chest wall resection and right upper lobe lobectomy, 2. right middle lobe sleeve lobectomy, and 3. right lower lobe lobectomy. One instructor was assigned to each operation table, who evaluated each participant's NOTSS scores consisting of 16 elements.ResultsWhen comparing average NOTSS score of all the three procedures, significant differences were observed between Level A, B, and C trainees. As an example of varying elements by procedure, Level A trainees demonstrated differences in Situation Awareness, and a significant difference was observed in Level C trainees regarding the elements of Decision Making. On the contrary, no significant difference was observed among Level B trainees. In the comparison between first-time and experienced participants, a significant improvement was observed in some elements in Level B and C trainees.ConclusionThis study highlights the usefulness and feasibility of the NOTSS scoring system for surgeons with different experiences and the effectiveness of providing feedback to trainees during intraoperative handoffs in a wet lab.
| S-EPMC7505865 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Cologne Consensus Conference 2015 has focused on "Providers in accredited CME[continuing medical education]/CPD [continuing professional development]". As an outcome of the CCC 2015, the authors of this paper, who were part of the faculty, propose a contemporary definition of the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved in the different stages of planning, delivery and evaluation of CME/CPD.
| S-EPMC5843046 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:To explore employers' decisions to base hiring policies on tobacco or nicotine use and community perspectives on such policies, and analyze the implications for organizational identity, community engagement, and health promotion. METHOD:From 2013 to 2016, 11 executives from six health care organizations and one non-health-care organization with nonsmoker-only hiring policies were interviewed about why and how their policies were created and implemented, concerns about the policies, and perceptions of employee and public reactions. Focus groups were conducted with community members (n = 51) who lived in or near cities where participating employers were based, exploring participants' opinions about why an employer would stop hiring smokers and their support (or not) for such a policy. RESULTS:Most employers excluded from employment those using all forms of nicotine. Several explained their adoption of the policy as a natural extension of a smoke-free campus and as consistent with their identity as health care organizations. They regarded the policy as promoting health. No employer mentioned engaging in a community dialogue before adopting the policy or reported efforts to track the policy's impact on rejected applicants. Community members understood the cost-saving appeal of such policies, but most opposed them. They made few exceptions for health care organizations. CONCLUSIONS:Policy decisions undertaken by health care organizations have influence beyond their immediate setting and may establish precedents that others follow. Nonsmoker-only hiring policies may fit with a health care organization's institutional identity but may not be congruent with community values or promote public health.
| S-EPMC5788708 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEffective team performance is essential in the delivery of high-quality health-care. Leadership skills therefore are an important part of physicians' everyday clinical life. To date, the development of leadership skills are underrepresented in medical curricula. Appropriate training methods for equipping doctors with these leadership skills are highly desirable.ObjectiveThe review aims to summarize the findings in the current literature regarding training in leadership skills in medicine and tries to integrate the findings to guide future research and training development.MethodThe PubMED, ERIC, and PsycArticles, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Academic search complete of EBSCOhost were searched for training of leadership skills in medicine in German and English. Relevant articles were identified and findings were integrated and consolidated regarding the leadership principles, target group of training and number of participants, temporal resources of the training, training content and methods, the evaluation design and trainings effects.ResultsEight studies met all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. The range of training programs is very broad and leadership skill components are diverse. Training designs implied theoretical reflections of leadership phenomena as well as discussions of case studies from practice. The duration of training ranged from several hours to years. Reactions of participants to trainings were positive, yet no behavioral changes through training were examined.ConclusionsMore research is needed to understand the factors critical to success in the development of leadership skills in medical education and to adapt goal-oriented training methods. Requirements analysis might help to gain knowledge about the nature of leadership skills in medicine. The authors propose a stronger focus on behavioral training methods like simulation-based training for leadership skills in medical education.
| S-EPMC3839077 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: The past decade has seen a proliferation of leadership training programs for physicians that teach skills outside the graduate medical education curriculum. OBJECTIVE: To determine the perceived value and impact of an experiential leadership training program for pediatric chief residents on the chief residents and on their programs and institutions. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective study. Surveys were sent to chief residents who completed the Chief Resident Training Program (CRTP) between 1988 and 2003 and to their program directors and department chairs asking about the value of the program, its impact on leadership capabilities, as well as the effect of chief resident training on programs and institutions. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent of the chief residents and 94% of program directors and department chairs reported that the CRTP was "very" or "somewhat" relevant, and 92% of the chief residents indicated CRTP had a positive impact on their year as chief resident; and 75% responded it had a positive impact beyond residency. Areas of greatest positive impact included awareness of personality characteristics, ability to manage conflict, giving and receiving feedback, and relationships with others. Fifty-six percent of chief residents reported having held a formal leadership position since chief residency, yet only 28% reported having received additional leadership training. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates a perceived positive impact on CRTP participants and their programs and institutions in the short and long term.
| S-EPMC2930319 | biostudies-other
Project description:The visual hierarchy of the ventral stream has been widely studied. However, it remains unclear how the hierarchical system organizes its functional coupling during top-down cognitive process. The present fMRI study investigated task-dependent functional connectivity along the ventral stream, while twenty-eight participants performed object recognition tasks that required different types of visual processing: i) searching or ii) memorizing visual objects embedded in natural scene images or iii) free viewing of the same images. Utilizing a seed-based approach that explicitly compared task-specific BOLD time-series, we identified task-dependent functional connectivity of the visual ventral stream, demonstrating different correlation structures. Searching for a target object manifested both correlated and anti-correlated structures, separating the visual areas V1 and V4 from the posterior part of the inferior temporal cortex (PIT). In contrast, the ventral stream structure remained correlated during memorizing objects, but increased the correlation between the right V4 and PIT. On the other hand, V1 and V4 showed task-dependent activation, whereas PIT was deactivated. These results highlight the context-dependent nature of the visual ventral stream and shed light on how the visual hierarchy is selectively organized to bias object recognition toward features of interest.
| S-EPMC6597703 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesAttending professional continuing education (CE) is an important component of librarianship. This research study identified librarians' preferences in delivery modalities of instruction for professional CE. The study also identified influential factors associated with attending CE classes.MethodsFive instruction-delivery modalities and six influential factors were identified for inclusion in an online survey. The survey completed by members of the American Library Association (ALA), Special Libraries Association (SLA), and Medical Library Association (MLA) provided the data for analysis of librarian preferences and influential factors.ResultsThe majority of respondents were MLA members, followed by ALA and SLA members. Librarians from all three library associations preferred the face-to-face instructional modality. The most influential factor associated with the decision to attend a professional CE class was cost.ConclusionsAll five instruction-delivery modalities present useful structures for imparting professional CE. As librarians' experience with different modalities increases and as technology improves, preferences in instruction delivery may shift. But at present, face-to-face remains the most preferred modality. Based on the results of this study, cost was the most influential factor associated with attending a CE class. This may change as additional influential factors are identified and analyzed in future studies.
| S-EPMC2801962 | biostudies-literature