Impact on carbon emissions of online study for a cohort of overseas students: A retrospective cohort study [version 3; peer review: 2 approved
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Heller R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8764561 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundData on the perceptions of medical students on international experience in non-English-speaking high-income countries (HICs) are very limited. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of medical students in Japan toward overseas experience while in school and post-graduation, as well as to characterize the support they require to pursue their profession in international settings.MethodsA cross-sectional national survey was administered online between September 16, 2020, and October 8, 2020. Participants were recruited from 69 medical schools using snowball sampling through acquaintances and social media platforms. The survey results were analyzed by two researchers.ResultsA total of 548 students from 59 medical schools responded to the survey. Among them, 381 respondents (69%) expressed interest in working abroad, while only 40% seriously considered it. The majority of students responded that they would like to pursue clinical training abroad for a short term or while they were medical students (54%) or during a residency/fellowship (53%). The most popular regions among the respondents for future international experiences were North America and Europe. Finally, the most reported reasons for hesitation to work abroad were language barriers (70%), followed by lack of clarity regarding career options after working abroad (67%), difficulties obtaining medical licensure abroad (62%), and the lack of role models (42%).ConclusionsAlthough nearly 70% of participants reported a high interest in working overseas, various barriers to working abroad were identified. Our findings identified key problem areas that could be targeted when promoting international experiences for medical students in Japan.
| S-EPMC10283299 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFrom September 2005 the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) introduced new arrangements for the registration of non-EU overseas nurses which requires all applicants to undertake '20 days of protected learning' time in the UK and for some, a period of supervised practice. A survey was undertaken at Bournemouth University, which offers a '20 days protected learning only' programme, to elicit overseas nurses' demographic details, experiences in completing the programme and their 'final destinations' once registered.MethodsAn online survey was devised which contained a mixture of tick box and open ended questions which covered demographic details, views on the programme and final destinations This was uploaded to http://www.surveymonkey.com/ and sent out to nurses who had completed the Overseas Nurses Programme (ONP) with Bournemouth University (n = 1050). Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative data were coded and analysed using content analysis.ResultsThere were 251 respondents (27.7% response rate). The typical 'profile' of a nurse who responded to the survey was female, aged 25-40 years and had been qualified for more than 5 years with a bachelors degree. The majority came from Australia on a 2 year working holiday visa and the key final destination in the UK, on registration with the NMC, was working for an agency.There were five key findings regarding experience of the programme. Of those surveyed 61.2% did not feel it necessary to undergo an ONP; 71.6% felt that they should be able to complete the programme on-line in their own country; 64.2% that the ONP should only contain information about delivery of healthcare in UK and Legal and professional (NMC) issues; 57% that European nurses should also undergo the same programme and sit an IELTS test; and 68.2% that the programme was too theory orientated; and should have links to practice (21%).ConclusionsThe NMC set the admissions criteria for entry to the register and Standards for an ONP. The findings of this survey raise issues regarding the perceived value and use of this approach for overseas nurses, and it may be helpful to take this into account when considering future policy.
| S-EPMC3111357 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRefugee children may be under-immunised against common vaccine-preventable diseases due to a myriad of factors related to their migration journey.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study explored the rates and determinants of enrolment on the National Immunisation Register (NIR) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) coverage among refugee children up to 18 years old who resettled in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) from 2006 to 2013. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to determine associations.FindingsOf the cohort (N = 2796), two thirds of the children (69%) were enrolled on the NIR. Among this sub-cohort (n = 1926), less than one third (30%) were age-appropriately vaccinated with MMR. MMR coverage was highest among younger children and improved over time. Logistic modelling revealed that visa category, year of arrival, and age group were significant factors that influenced NIR enrolment and MMR vaccine uptake. Those arriving via asylum seeking, family reunification and humanitarian pathways were less likely to be enrolled and vaccinated compared to refugees who entered under the national quota programme. More recent arrivals and younger children were more likely to be enrolled and vaccinated compared to children who arrived in NZ longer ago and were older.InterpretationResettled refugee children have suboptimal NIR enrolment and MMR coverage rates which varied significantly by visa category, highlighting the need for immunisation services to better engage with all refugee families. These findings suggest that broad structural factors related to policy and immunisation service delivery may influence the differentials seen.FundingHealth Research Council of New Zealand (18/586).
| S-EPMC9969282 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This paper develops a multi-sector and multi-factor structural gravity model that allows an analytical and quantitative decomposition of the emission and output changes into composition and technique effects. We find that the negative production shock of China's containment policy propagates globally via supply chains, with the carbon-intensive sectors experiencing the greatest carbon emission shocks. We further reveal that China's current stimulus package in 2021-2025 is consistent with China's emission intensity-reduction goals for 2025, but further efforts are required to meet China's carbon emissions-peaking target in 2030 and Cancun 2°C goal. Short-term changes in carbon emissions resulting from lockdowns and initial fiscal stimuli in "economic rescue" period have minor long-term effects, whereas the transitional direction of future fiscal stimulus exerts more predominant impact on long-term carbon emissions. The efficiency improvement effects are more important than the sectoral structure effects of the fiscal stimulus in achieving greener economic growth.
| S-EPMC9118742 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Targeted metagenomic (16S amplicons) of the fecal microbial communities from young healthy lean students from Munich Germany
| PRJEB47555 | ENA
Project description:This study examines the influence of lag fertilization techniques on Pakistani wheat production, highlighting the need to understand and mitigate the environmental impacts of farming methods. The basic purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CO2 emission from fertilization and other factors on wheat production in Pakistan, using a time series of data from 1990 to 2020. CO2 emission from fertilization (CO2EF) is estimated using the default values provided by the IPCC guidelines. The ARDL approach analyses the short-run and long-run effects of CO2EF, technology level, energy use, agricultural land, and agricultural labor on wheat production. The results show that all factors have significantly impacted wheat production in Pakistan at levels of 1% and 5% significance, both in the short and long run. These findings suggest that reducing CO2EF, technology level, energy use, agricultural land, and agricultural labor on wheat production can help to increase wheat production in Pakistan. The study also highlights the importance of adopting sustainable and efficient fertilization practices, exploring alternative fertilizers, and using crop rotation systems to mitigate the adverse effects of carbon emissions from nitrogen fertilization, energy use, and the use of technology. These measures can contribute to a more sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture sector in Pakistan.
| S-EPMC10956835 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation and have recently been shown to play a role in cancer metastasis. In solid tumors, especially breast cancer, alterations in miRNA expression contribute to cancer pathogenesis, including metastasis. Considering the emerging role of miRNAs in metastasis, the identification of predictive markers is necessary to further understanding of stage-specific breast cancer development. This is a retrospective analysis that aimed to identify molecular biomarkers related to distant breast cancer metastasis development.<br><br>Methods: A retrospective case cohort study was performed in 64 breast cancer patients treated during the period from 1998-2001. The case group (n=29) consisted of patients with a poor prognosis who presented with breast cancer recurrence or metastasis during follow up. The control group (n=35) consisted of a random sample of patients with a good prognosis who did not develop breast cancer recurrence or metastasis. These patient groups were stratified according to TNM clinical stage (CS) I, II and III, and the main clinical features of the patients were homogeneous. miRNA profiling was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors. Biomarkers related to metastatic potential were identified independent of clinical stage, and a cutoff point was selected based on the optimal sensitivity and specificity (ROC curve). Finally, a hazard risk analysis of these biomarkers was performed to evaluate their relation to metastatic potential. <br><br>Results: miRNA expression profiling identified several miRNAs that were either specific and shared across all clinical stages (p?0.05). Among these, we identified miRNAs previously associated with cell motility (let-7 family), cell proliferation and invasion (hsa-miR-16 and has-miR-205) and distant metastasis (hsa-miR-21). In addition, hsa-miR-494 and hsa-miR-21 were up-regulated in metastatic cases of CSI and II. Furthermore, the combination of the 3 miRNAs identified for CSII (hsa-miR-494, hsa-miR-183 and hsa-miR-21) was significant and were a more effective risk marker compared to the single miRNAs. <br><br>Conclusions: Women with metastatic breast cancer, especially CSII, presented up-regulated levels of miR-183, miR-494 and miR-21, which were associated with a poor prognosis. These miRNAs therefore represent new risk biomarkers of breast cancer metastasis and may be useful for future targeted therapies.
2013-08-07 | E-MEXP-3947 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:BackgroundClinical pathways aim to improve patient care. We sought to determine whether an online chronic kidney disease (CKD) clinical pathway was associated with improvements in CKD management.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective pre/post population-based cohort study using linked health data from Alberta, Canada. We included adults 18 years or older with mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m2. The primary outcome was measurement of an outpatient urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in a 28-day period, among people without a test in the prior year. Secondary outcomes included use of guideline-recommended drug therapies (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and statins).ResultsThe study period spanned October 2010 to March 2017. There were 84 independent 28-day periods (53 pre, 31 post pathway implementation) including 345,058 adults. The population was predominantly female (56%) with median age 77 years; most had category 3A CKD (67%) and hypertension (82%). In adjusted segmented regression models, the increase in the rate of change of ACR testing was greatest in Calgary zone (adjusted OR 1.19 per year, 95% CI 1.16-1.21), where dissemination of the pathway was strongest; this increase was more pronounced in those without diabetes (adjusted OR 1.25 per year, 95% CI 1.21-1.29). Small improvements in guideline-concordant medication use were also observed.ConclusionsFollowing implementation of an online CKD clinical pathway, improvements in ACR testing were evident in regions where the pathway was most actively used, particularly among individuals without diabetes.
| S-EPMC8496057 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19, or SARS-CoV-2) pandemic that started in December 2019 has caused an unprecedented impact in most countries globally and continues to threaten human lives worldwide. The COVID-19 and strict lockdown measures have had adverse effects on human health and national economies. These lockdown measures have played a critical role in improving air quality, water quality, and the ozone layer and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level 4 carbon (SMAP LC4) satellite products, this study investigated the impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures on annual carbon emissions globally, focusing on 47 greatly affected countries and their 105 cities by December 2020. It is shown that while the lockdown measures significantly reduced carbon emissions globally, several countries and cities observed this reduction as temporary because strict lockdown measures were not imposed for extended periods in 2020. Overall, the total carbon emissions of select 184 countries reduced by 438 Mt in 2020 than in 2019. Since the global economic activities are slowly expected to return to the non-COVID-19 state, the reduction in carbon emissions during the pandemic will not be sustainable in the long run. For sustainability, concerned authorities have to put significant efforts to change transportation, climate, and environmental policies globally that fuel carbon emissions. Overall, the presented results provide directions to the stakeholders and policymakers to develop and implement measures to control carbon emissions for a sustainable environment.
| S-EPMC8572037 | biostudies-literature
Project description:These samples are part of the ENCODE consortium’s proposed time-limited Pilot Study for confirmation of the utility of RNA abundance measurements as a standard reference phenotyping tool. Keywords: cell type comparison For data usage terms and conditions, please refer to http://www.genome.gov/27528022 and http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/ENCODE/ENCODEDataReleasePolicyFinal2008.pdf
2008-09-16 | GSE12760 | GEO