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Benzoyl-xanthone derivative induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by binding TRAF6.

ABSTRACT: TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been reported to be associated with the development of cancer. Nevertheless, the exact role of TRAF6 in cancer remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to explore the mechanism of 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one leading to the inhibition of the activation of AKT and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and to the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Using a computational docking program and examination of AKT and TAK1 level changes, a new small molecule was identified, 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one, which competitively bound to TRAF6. Next, the effect of this new compound on MCF-7 cells' biological behavior was studied in vitro. MTT assays were used to investigate cell viability; flow cytometry and invasion assays were performed to detect early apoptosis and invasion in MCF-7 cells, respectively. Immunoprecipitation, western blotting and caspase-3/9 activity assays were carried out to explore changes in protein expression. Briefly, the present data indicated that 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one could suppress proliferation, induce early apoptosis and inhibit invasion in MCF-7 cells by suppressing the expression of Bcl-2 and promoting the expression of Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3. These findings indicated that 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one could induce apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of AKT and TAK1, and affecting the Bcl-2/Bax-caspase-9-caspase-3 pathway by competitively binding with TRAF6.

SUBMITTER: Zhao X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8764895 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cinchonine induces apoptosis of HeLa and A549 cells through targeting TRAF6.

Project description:BackgroundCancer cells are known to over-express TRAF6 that is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations. The Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain of TRAF6 is believed to be responsible for the E3 ligase activity, ZINC fingers of TRAF6 provide critical support for the activity of the RING domain which is critical for both AKT and TAK1 activations.MethodsWe employed computational docking program to identify small molecules that could effectively and competitively bind with the RING domain of TRAF6, which is believed to be responsible for its E3 ligase activity. MTT assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze apoptosis of cancer cells. Signaling pathways were detected using immunoprecipitation and western blotting, and immunofluorescence was pursued to assess the nature of binding of cinchonine to TRAF6. We also performed animal experiments to test effect of cinchonine in vivo.ResultsCinchonine, a naturally occurring Cinchona alkaloid identified from the docking study, could bind to TRAF6 in HeLa and A549 cells and induce apoptosis of these cancer cells. We found that AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of TAK1 were decreased. These activities would lead to subsequent suppression anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while elevating pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Immunofluorescence staining unambiguously demonstrated the binding of cinchonine specifically at the RING domain of TRAF6 in cells, thereby validating the computational modeling. Animal experiments showed that cinchonine could suppress tumor growth in mice without showing significant acute toxicity.ConclusionThese investigations suggest that through competitive binding with the RING domain of TRAF6, cinchonine could induce apoptosis via inhibiting AKT and TAK1 signaling pathways.

| S-EPMC5324264 | biostudies-literature

Astaxanthin Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells through a p53-Dependent Pathway

Project description: Not available

| S-EPMC11241156 | biostudies-literature

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by a plumbagin derivative in estrogen positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Project description:Plumbagin [5-hydroxy- 2-methyl-1, 4-naphthaquinone] is a well-known plant derived anticancer lead compound. Several efforts have been made to synthesize its analogs and derivatives in order to increase its anticancer potential. In the present study, plumbagin and its five derivatives have been evaluated for their antiproliferative potential in one normal and four human cancer cell lines. Treatment with derivatives resulted in dose- and time-dependent inhibition of growth of various cancer cell lines. Prescreening of compounds led us to focus our further investigations on acetyl plumbagin, which showed remarkably low toxicity towards normal BJ cells and HepG2 cells. The mechanisms of apoptosis induction were determined by APOPercentage staining, caspase-3/7 activation, reactive oxygen species production and cell cycle analysis. The modulation of apoptotic genes (p53, Mdm2, NF-kB, Bad, Bax, Bcl-2 and Casp-7) was also measured using real time PCR. The positive staining using APOPercentage dye, increased caspase-3/7 activity, increased ROS production and enhanced mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes suggested that acetyl plumbagin exhibits anticancer effects on MCF-7 cells through its apoptosis-inducing property. A key highlighting point of the study is low toxicity of acetyl plumbagin towards normal BJ cells and negligible hepatotoxicity (data based on HepG2 cell line). Overall results showed that acetyl plumbagin with reduced toxicity might have the potential to be a new lead molecule for testing against estrogen positive breast cancer.

| S-EPMC3894702 | biostudies-literature

Understanding of tolerance in TRAIL-induced apoptosis and cancelation of its machinery by ?-mangostin, a xanthone derivative.

Project description:Tumor necrosis-factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF-superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis through death receptors (DRs) 4 and/or 5 in cancer cells. These receptors are expressed on the cancer cell surface, without affecting normal cells. Unfortunately, many clinical studies have shown that cancer cells acquire TRAIL-resistance and finally avoid TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The detailed mechanisms of this resistance are not well understood. In the current study, we established a TRAIL-resistant human colon cancer DLD-1 cell line to clarify the mechanisms of TRAIL-resistance and developed agents to cancel its machinery. Also, we found that cancer stem-like cells from breast epithelial proliferating MCF10A cells were also sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The enforced expression of DR5 in both TRAIL-resistant cells partially recovered the sensitivity to the TRAIL ligand, which was judged by the activation of caspase-8. As a result, we newly found that the mechanisms of TRAIL-resistance comprised co-existence of a decrease in the expression level of DR5 along with malfunction of its recruitment to the cell surface, as evidenced by Western blot and immunocytological analysis, respectively. Interestingly, ?-mangostin, which is a xanthone derivative, canceled the resistance by increasing the expression level of DR5 through down-regulation of miR-133b and effectively induced the translocation of DR5 to the cancer cell surface membrane in TRAIL-resistant DLD-1 cells. These findings indicate that ?-mangostin functioned as a sensitizer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and may thus serve as a possible adjuvant compound for cytokine therapy to conquer TRAIL-resistance.

| S-EPMC4694869 | biostudies-other

Triptolide induces autophagy and apoptosis through ERK activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Project description:To investigate the effects of triptolide (TPI) on proliferation, autophagy and death in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and to elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms, intracellular alterations were analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays. The results of the MTT assay revealed that TPI significantly reduced the MCF-7 cell survival rate when the concentration was >10 nmol/l. TPI activated a caspase cascade reaction by regulating Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression, and promoted programmed cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. The results demonstrated that TPI significantly reduced the cell proliferation rate and viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. TPI induced autophagy and influenced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which resulted in apoptosis. When cells were treated with a combination of TPI and the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126, the downregulation of P62 and upregulation of Bax were inhibited, which demonstrated that the inhibition of Erk1/2 reversed the autophagy changes induced by TPI. The results indicated that Erk1/2 activation may be a novel mechanism by which TPI induces autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, TPI affects the proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, potentially via autophagy and p38/Erk/mTOR phosphorylation. The present study offers a novel view of the mechanisms by which TPI regulates cell death.

| S-EPMC5841063 | biostudies-literature

A Sterol from Soft Coral Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Project description:The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?) is a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, and is a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. To search for potential PPAR? activators, a compound library comprising 11 marine compounds was examined. Among them, a sterol, 3?,11-dihydroxy-9,11-secogorgost-5-en-9-one (compound 1), showed the highest PPAR? activity with an IC50 value of 8.3 ?M for inhibiting human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) growth. Western blotting experiments showed that compound 1 induces caspase activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, compound 1 modulated the expression of various PPAR?-regulated downstream biomarkers including cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p38, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, compound 1 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulated the phosphorylation and expression of H2AX, and induced autophagy. Interestingly, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rescued cells from compound 1-induced growth inhibition, which indicates that the cytotoxic effect of compound 1 is, in part, attributable to its ability to induce autophagy. In conclusion, these findings suggest the translational potential of compound 1 in breast cancer therapy.

| S-EPMC6071057 | biostudies-literature

CD24 cross-linking induces apoptosis in, and inhibits migration of, MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Project description:BackgroundThe biological effects of CD24 (FL-80) cross-linking on breast cancer cells have not yet been established. We examined the impact of CD24 cross-linking on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7.MethodsMCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG or anti-human CD24 rabbit polyclonal antibodies to induce cross-linking, and then growth was studied. Changes in cell characteristics such as cell cycle modulation, cell death, survival in three-dimensional cultures, adhesion, and migration ability were assayed after CD24 cross-linking in MCF-7.ResultsExpression of CD24 was analyzed by flow cytometry in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells where 2% and 66% expression frequencies were observed, respectively. CD24 cross-linking resulted in time-dependent proliferation reduction in MCF-7 cells, but no reduction in MDA-MB-231 cells. MCF-7 cell survival was reduced by 15% in three-dimensional culture after CD24 cross-linking. Increased MCF-7 cell apoptosis was observed after CD24 cross-linking, but no cell cycle arrest was observed in that condition. The migration capacity of MCF-7 cells was diminished by 30% after CD24 cross-linking.ConclusionOur results showed that CD24 cross-linking induced apoptosis and inhibited migration in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We conclude that CD24 may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.

| S-EPMC2386794 | biostudies-literature

Exogenous and Endogeneous Disialosyl Ganglioside GD1b Induces Apoptosis of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Project description:Gangliosides have been known to play a role in the regulation of apoptosis in cancer cells. This study has employed disialyl-ganglioside GD1b to apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using exogenous treatment of the cells with GD1b and endogenous expression of GD1b in MCF-7 cells. First, apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was observed after treatment of GD1b. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with GD1b reduced cell growth rates in a dose and time dependent manner during GD1b treatment, as determined by XTT assay. Among the various gangliosides, GD1b specifically induced apoptosis of the MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays showed that GD1b specifically induces apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells with Annexin V binding for apoptotic actions in early stage and propidium iodide (PI) staining the nucleus of the MCF-7 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with GD1b activated apoptotic molecules such as processed forms of caspase-8, -7 and PARP (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase), without any change in the expression of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis molecules such as Bax and Bcl-2. Second, to investigate the effect of endogenously produced GD1b on the regulation of cell function, UDP-gal: β1,3-galactosyltransferase-2 (GD1b synthase, Gal-T2) gene has been transfected into the MCF-7 cells. Using the GD1b synthase-transfectants, apoptosis-related signal proteins linked to phenotype changes were examined. Similar to the exogenous GD1b treatment, the cell growth of the GD1b synthase gene-transfectants was significantly suppressed compared with the vector-transfectant cell lines and transfection activated the apoptotic molecules such as processed forms of caspase-8, -7 and PARP, but not the levels of expression of Bax and Bcl-2. GD1b-induced apoptosis was blocked by caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD. Therefore, taken together, it was concluded that GD1b could play an important role in the regulation of breast cancer apoptosis.

| S-EPMC4881478 | biostudies-literature

Sea Cucumber Intestinal Peptide Induces the Apoptosis of MCF-7 Cells by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT Pathway.

Project description:Sea cucumbers are one of many marine echinoderm animals that contain valuable nutrients and medicinal compounds. The bioactive substances in sea cucumbers make them have promising biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, sea cucumber intestinal peptide (SCIP) is a small molecular oligopeptide (<1,000 Da) extracted from sea cucumber intestines hydrolyzed by alkaline protease. The analysis of amino acid composition showed that hydrophobic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids were rich in SCIP. Nowadays, although increasing studies have revealed the biological functions of the sea cucumber active substances, there are few studies on the function of SCIP. Furthermore, due to the anti-cancer activity being an essential characteristic of sea cucumber active substances, we also investigated the anti-cancer potential and the underlying mechanism of SCIP in vivo and in vitro. The results indicate that SCIP inhibits the growth of MCF-7 tumor cells in zebrafish and increases the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Further mechanism studies confirm that SCIP promotes the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and thus promotes the breast cancer cells (MCF-7) apoptosis via inhibition of PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway.

| S-EPMC8713759 | biostudies-literature

A Novel Indolizine Derivative Induces Apoptosis Through the Mitochondria p53 Pathway in HepG2 Cells.

Project description:Indolizine derivatives are a class of compounds with excellent biological activity. In this study, a series of indolizine derivatives, compound 1 (C1), compound 2 (C2), compound 3 (C3), and compound 4 (C4), were synthesized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenyltetraazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate their cytotoxicity against HepG2 (p53-wild), A549, and HeLa cell lines. HepG2 cells apoptosis induced by C3 was determined using Hoechst staining and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Cells' apoptotic ratio was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells after C3 treatment were determined. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were carried out to detect p53 levels and analyze the apoptosis-associated proteins, respectively. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of C3 was examined in two other hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines with different p53 status including Huh-7 cells (p53-mutant) and Hep3B cells (p53-null). The results indicated that C3 showed stronger inhibition towards HepG2 cells than other cell lines. Fluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that C3 induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. C3 could also increase intracellular ROS and cause a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. C3 promoted p53 activation and increased p53 accumulation in nuclei. The expression of p53 and Bax was increased with the down-regulation of Bcl-2, which promoted the release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation. Collectively, the study demonstrated that C3 caused HepG2 cell apoptosis via the mitochondria p53 pathway. These results inspired us to further develop indolizine derivatives as potential potent inhibitors against liver cancer.

| S-EPMC6635656 | biostudies-literature

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