Switchable deep eutectic solvent driven micellar extractive fermentation of ultrapure fibrin digesting enzyme from Bacillus subtilis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Muniasamy R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8766521 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundBiobutanol is promising and renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuels and could be produced by Clostridium species from lignocellulosic biomass. However, biomass is recalcitrant to be hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars attributed to the densely packed structure by layers of lignin. Development of pretreatment reagents and processes for increasing surface area, removing hemicellulose and lignin, and enhancing the relative content of cellulose is currently an area of great interest. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new class of green solvents, are effective in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. However, it remains challenging to achieve high titers of total sugars and usually requires combinatorial pretreatment with other reagents. In this study, we aim to develop novel DESs with high application potential in biomass pretreatment and high biocompatibility for biobutanol fermentation.ResultsSeveral DESs with betaine chloride and ethylamine chloride (EaCl) as hydrogen bond acceptors were synthesized. Among them, EaCl:LAC with lactic acid as hydrogen bond donor displayed the best performance in the pretreatment of corncob. Only by single pretreatment with EaCl:LAC, total sugars as high as 53.5 g L-1 could be reached. Consecutive batches for pretreatment of corncob were performed using gradiently decreased cellulase by 5 FPU g-1. At the end of the sixth batch, the concentration and specific yield of total sugars were 58.8 g L-1 and 706 g kg-1 pretreated corncob, saving a total of 50% cellulase. Utilizing hydrolysate as carbon source, butanol titer of 10.4 g L-1 was achieved with butanol yield of 137 g kg-1 pretreated corncob by Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM13864.ConclusionsEthylamine and lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent is promising in pretreatment of corncob with high total sugar concentrations and compatible for biobutanol fermentation. This study provides an efficient pretreatment reagent for facilely reducing recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials and a promising process for biobutanol fermentation from renewable biomass.
| S-EPMC7547450 | biostudies-literature
Project description:HypothesisThe self-assembly of ionic surfactants in deep eutectic solvents has recently been demonstrated, opening up new possibilities in terms of the development of formulated products and templating of nanostructured materials. As it occurs in an aqueous environment, the solvophobic effect drives the formation of micelles in these solvents and specific-ion interactions alter the resulting structures. We hypothesized that the presence of hydrotropic salts would greatly affect the micellar structure in deep eutectic solvents, ultimately leading to the formation of worm-like aggregates.ExperimentsA systematic investigation performed on hydrotrope-surfactant assemblies in neat and hydrated 1:2 choline chloride:glycerol is presented. The effect of choline salicylate on the micellization of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride at different hydrotrope-to-surfactant ratios was probed by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering.FindingsHere the first investigation on salt-induced micellar growth in deep eutectic solvents is presented. The microscopic characterization of the system shows that the micelle-hydrotrope interaction in pure and hydrated deep eutectic solvents results in a significant increase in micelle elongation. The condensation of the hydrotrope on the micelle, which alters the effective monomer packing, leads to the formation of worm-like micelles with tunable morphology and flexibility. The results presented here present new possibilities in terms of self-assembly and co-assembly in neoteric solvents, where micelle morphology can be controlled through surfactant-salt interactions.
| S-EPMC10466478 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTraditional submerged fermentation mainly accumulates intracellular orange pigments with absorption maxima at 470 nm, whereas extractive fermentation of Monascus spp. with Triton X-100 can promote the export of intracellular pigments to extracellular broth, mainly obtaining extracellular yellow pigments with absorption maxima at approximately 410 nm. In this study, a strain of Monascus (M. anka GIM 3.592) that produces high yields of pigments was employed to investigate the differences in pigment fingerprint profiles between submerged and extractive fermentations.ResultsUsing extractive fermentation with this high-yield strain, the extracellular pigments exhibited an absorption maximum at 430 nm, not 410 nm, as previously observed. By comparing the pigment fingerprint profiles between submerged and extractive fermentations, extractive fermentation was found to not only export intracellular pigments to the extracellular broth, but also to form four other yellow pigments (Y1-Y4) that accounted for a large proportion of the extracellular pigments and that were not produced in submerged fermentation. The yields of Y1-Y4 were closely related to the concentration and feeding time point of Triton X-100. Y1-Y4 presented identical UV-Vis spectra with absorption maxima at 430 nm and fluorescence spectra with absorption maxima (emission) at 565 nm. HPLC-MS and the spectral analysis showed that the four pigments (Y1-Y4) had not been previously reported. The results indicated that these pigments may rely on the bioconversion of orange pigments (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin).ConclusionsUsing extractive fermentation with M. anka led to a high yield of extracellular yellow pigments (AU410 nm?=?114), and the pigment fingerprint profile significantly differed compared to the results of traditional submerged fermentation. These results provide information and a detailed view of the composition and variation of pigments in extractive fermentation and could also contribute to characterizing pigment metabolism during extractive fermentation.
| S-EPMC5445263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed by hydrogen bond donors and acceptors are a promising new class of solvents. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic binary DESs readily absorb water, making them ternary mixtures, and a small water content is always inevitable under ambient conditions. We present a thorough study of a typical hydrophobic DES formed by a 1:2 mole ratio of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride and decanoic acid, focusing on the effects of a low water content caused by absorbed water vapor, using multinuclear NMR techniques, molecular modeling, and several other physicochemical techniques. Already very low water contents cause dynamic nanoscale phase segregation, reduce solvent viscosity and fragility, increase self-diffusion coefficients and conductivity, and enhance local dynamics. Water interferes with the hydrogen-bonding network between the chloride ions and carboxylic acid groups by solvating them, which enhances carboxylic acid self-correlation and ion pair formation between tetrabutyl ammonium and chloride. Simulations show that the component molar ratio can be varied, with an effect on the internal structure. The water-induced changes in the physical properties are beneficial for most prospective applications but water creates an acidic aqueous nanophase with a high halide ion concentration, which may have chemically adverse effects.
| S-EPMC8785191 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Graphene electrodes and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are two emerging material systems that have individually shown highly promising properties in electrochemical applications. To date, however, it has not been tested whether the combination of graphene and DESs can yield synergistic effects in electrochemistry. We therefore study the electrochemical behavior of a defined graphene monolayer of centimeter-scale, which was produced by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto insulating SiO2/Si supports, in the common DES choline chloride/ethylene glycol (12CE) under typical electrochemical conditions. We measure the graphene potential window in 12CE and estimate the apparent electron transfer kinetics of an outer-sphere redox couple. We further explore the applicability of the 12CE electrolyte to fabricate nanostructured metal (Zn) and metalloid (Ge) hybrids with graphene by electrodeposition. By comparing our graphene electrodes with common bulk glassy carbon electrodes, a key finding we make is that the two-dimensional nature of the graphene electrodes has a clear impact on DES-based electrochemistry. Thereby, we provide a first framework toward rational optimization of graphene-DES systems for electrochemical applications.
| S-EPMC7496728 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The increased use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in recent years has been significant and provides new approaches to sample collection and preparation. At the same time, the use of these new solvents to prepare samples can present challenges for subsequent analyses. Common analytical approaches, such as fluorescent labeling, may not be compatible with the solvents. In this work, we explore how effective three traditional fluorescent labels can be at derivatizing amino acids in the most common DESs, formed from choline chloride and ethylene glycol. We demonstrate that the unique solvent characteristics of the DESs still allow for two of the fluorophores, fluorescein isothiocyanate and 5-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, to effectively label amino acids. Initial optimizations of the reaction conditions demonstrate that we can effectively label both d- and l-amino acids, in solution with concentrations of amino acids down to 4 μM. Capillary electrophoretic separations following this preparation can detect as little as 50 nM. This is possible without removal of any DES from the sample matrix. These results represent the first complete fluorescent labeling reaction in a DES and subsequent capillary electrophoretic separation of the analytes.
| S-EPMC9730294 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Efficient delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) remains one of the primary challenges of RNA interference therapy. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated polycationic carriers have been widely used for the condensation of DNA and RNA molecules into complex-core micelles. The PEG corona of such nanoparticles can significantly improve their colloidal stability in serum, but PEGylation of the carriers also reduces their condensation capacity, hindering the generation of micellar particles with sufficient complex stability. This presents a particularly significant challenge for packaging siRNA into complex micelles, as it has a much smaller size and more rigid chain structure than DNA plasmids. Here, we report a new method to enhance the condensation of siRNA with PEGylated linear polyethylenimine using organic solvent and to prepare smaller siRNA nanoparticles with a more extended PEG corona and consequently higher stability. As a proof of principle, we have demonstrated the improved gene knockdown efficiency resulting from the reduced siRNA micelle size in mice livers following intravenous administration.
| S-EPMC5790992 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The use of oxidoreductases (EC1) in non-conventional reaction media has been increasingly explored. In particular, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a novel class of solvents. Herein, an in-depth study of bioreduction with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the DES glyceline is presented. The activity and stability of ADH in mixtures of glyceline/water with varying water contents were measured. Furthermore, the thermodynamic water activity and viscosity of mixtures of glyceline/water have been determined. For a better understanding of the observations, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to quantify the molecular flexibility, hydration layer, and intraprotein hydrogen bonds of ADH. The behavior of the enzyme in DESs follows the classic dependence of water activity (aW ) in non-conventional media. At low aW values (<0.2), ADH does not show any activity; at higher aW values, the activity was still lower than that in pure water due to the high viscosities of the DES. These findings could be further explained by increased enzyme flexibility with increasing water content.
| S-EPMC7154551 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Choline geranate deep eutectic solvent/ionic liquid (CAGE) has shown several desirable therapeutic properties including antimicrobial activity and ability to deliver drugs transdermally in research laboratories. Here, we describe the first report of clinical translation of CAGE from the lab into the clinic for the treatment of rosacea, a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects the face. We describe the seven steps of clinical translation including (a) scale-up, (b) characterization, (c) stability analysis, (d) mechanism of action, (e) dose determination, (f) GLP toxicity study, and (g) human clinical study. We describe the challenges and outcomes in these steps, especially those that uniquely arise from the deep eutectic nature of CAGE. Our translational efforts led to a 12-week open-label phase 1b cosmetic study with CAGE1:2 gel (CGB400) in mild-moderate facial rosacea in 26 patients where CGB400 exhibited a marked reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CGB400 for treating rosacea as well as it provides insights into the translational journey of deep eutectic solvents, in particular CAGE, for dermatological applications.
| S-EPMC8126811 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Oxide perovskites have attracted great interest as materials for energy conversion due to their stability and structural tunability. La-based perovskites of 3d-transition metals have demonstrated excellent activities as electrocatalysts in water oxidation. Herein, we report the synthesis route to La-based perovskites using an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and malonic acid. The DES route affords phase-pure crystalline materials on a gram scale and results in perovskites with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction. A convenient, fast, and scalable synthesis proceeds via assisted metathesis at a lower temperature as compared to traditional solid-state methods. Among LaCoO3, LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3, and LaMnO3 perovskites prepared via the DES route, LaCoO3 was established to be the best-performing electrocatalyst for water oxidation in alkaline medium at 0.25 mg cm-2 mass loading. LaCoO3 exhibits current densities of 10, 50, and 100 mA cm-2 at respective overpotentials of approximately 390, 430, and 470 mV, respectively, and features a Tafel slope of 55.8 mV dec-1. The high activity of LaCoO3 as compared to the other prepared perovskites is attributed to the high concentration of oxygen vacancies in the LaCoO3 lattice, as observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. An intrinsically high concentration of O vacancies in the LaCoO3 synthesized via the DES route is ascribed to the reducing atmosphere attained upon thermal decomposition of the DES components. These findings will contribute to the preparation of highly active perovskites for various energy applications.
| S-EPMC9136838 | biostudies-literature