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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Multiple Genes and Complex Hormonal-Mediated Interactions with PEG during Adventitious Root Formation in Apple.

ABSTRACT: Adventitious root (AR) formation is a bottleneck for the mass propagation of apple rootstocks, and water stress severely restricts it. Different hormones and sugar signaling pathways in apple clones determine AR formation under water stress, but these are not entirely understood. To identify them, GL-3 stem cuttings were cultured on polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The AR formation was dramatically decreased compared with the PEG-free control (CK) cuttings by increasing the endogenous contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and methyl jasmonate (JA-me) and reducing the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) contents. We performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify the responses behind the phenotype. A total of 3204 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between CK and PEG, with 1702 upregulated and 1502 downregulated genes. Investigation revealed that approximately 312 DEGs were strongly enriched in hormone signaling, sugar metabolism, root development, and cell cycle-related pathways. Thus, they were selected for their possible involvement in adventitious rooting. However, the higher accumulation of ABA, ZR, and JA-me contents and the upregulation of their related genes, as well as the downregulation of sugar metabolism-related genes, lead to the inhibition of ARs. These results indicate that AR formation is a complicated biological process chiefly influenced by multiple hormonal signaling pathways and sugar metabolism. This is the first study to demonstrate how PEG inhibits AR formation in apple plants.

SUBMITTER: Li S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8779459 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Stem cuttings of P. trichocarpa (clone 101-74) were rooted in liquid medium without growth regulators (basal medium). The first emerging roots were observed on cuttings 6 days after the start of culture. The highest average root number per cutting (10 Â± 2 roots/cutting) was obtained after 14 days. The first macroscopic evidence of root initiation was the appearance of root primordia, as lateral bulges observed at the stem surface 3 to 4 days after transfer to basal medium. Stem cross-sections showed intensely dividing cells forming root primordial. One to two days later the bark split and the organized sequence of cell division and differentiation steps in the primordium led to the establishment of the main root tissues, as well as the vascular connections of the incipient root with the pre-existing stem vasculature. Subsequently, the outgrowth and emergence of the adventitious root occurred. We refer to the dormant cutting as stage 0, the organizing primordium as stage 1, the primordium differentiation as stage 2. To examine changes in gene transcription associated with the development of adventitious roots, we monitored the transcript levels in differentiating primordia using microarrays. cDNA was prepared from replicate sets of P. trichocarpa rooted cuttings harvested at stages 0, 1 and 2. The Populus whole-genome expression array version 2.0 manufactured by NimbleGen Systems Limited (Madison, WI) contains in duplicates three independent, non-identical, 60-mer probes per whole gene model plus control probes and labeling controls. Included in the microarray are 65,965 probe sets corresponding to 55,970 gene models predicted on the P. trichocarpa genome sequence version 1.0 and 9,995 aspen cDNA sequences (Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides, and P. tremula x P. tremuloides). NimbleGen whole genome microarray analyses were performed in triplicate as per manufacturers instructions. We carried out nine hybridizations (NimbleGen) with samples derived from three early developmental stages of P. trichocarpa adventitious roots. cDNA was synthesized using CLONTECH Smart cDNA Synthesis kit containing an amplification step on the cDNA level. All samples were labeled with Cy3.

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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Multiple Genes and Complex Hormonal-Mediated Interactions with PEG during Adventitious Root Formation in Apple.

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