MiR-541-3p Promoted Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (PRRSV-2) Replication by Targeting Interferon Regulatory Factor 7.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Shi X
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8779607 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by a single-stranded RNA virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious respiratory disease and leads to huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. To investigate the role of miRNAs in the infection and lung injury induced by PRRSV, the differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRs) were isolated from PRRSV-2 infected/mock-infected PAMs of Meishan, Landrace, Pietrain, and Qingping pigs at 9, 36, and 60 hpi. Mir-331-3p was the only common DE-miR in each set of miRNA expression profile at 36 hpi. Mir-210 was one of 7 common DE-miRs between PRRSV infected and mock-infected PAMs of Meishan, Pietrain, and Qingping pigs at 60 hpi. Mir-331-3p/mir-210 could target PRRSV-2 ORF1b, bind and downregulate porcine TNF-?/STAT1 expression, and inhibit PRRSV-2 replication, respectively. Furthermore, STAT1 and TNF-? could mediate the transcriptional activation of MCP-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. STAT1 could also upregulate the expression of TNF-? by binding to its promoter region. In vivo, pEGFP-N1-mir-331-3p could significantly reduce viral replication and pathological changes in PRRSV-2 infected piglets. Taken together, Mir-331-3p/mir-210 have significant roles in the infection and lung injury caused by PRRSV-2, and they may be promising therapeutic targets for PRRS and lung injury/inflammation.
| S-EPMC7544944 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages acquire a distinct phenotypic and functional profile in response to microenvironmental signals. The classically and alternatively activated (M1 and M2, respectively) macrophage phenotypes are defined by the specific molecular characteristics induced in response to prototypic pro- and anti-inflammatory cues. In this study, we used LPS/IFN-? and IL-4 to stimulate porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro and investigated the expression changes of several novel markers during macrophage polarization. Notably, we found that LPS/IFN-?-stimulated PAMs express prototypical M1 molecules, whereas IL-4-stimulated PAMs express M2 molecules. We also demonstrated that replication of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain HuN4 was effectively suppressed in LPS/IFN-?-stimulated M1 PAMs (M1 type), but not IL-4 stimulated M2 PAMs. However, this was not observed with the classic, less pathogenic CH-1a strain. Moreover, we found that M2 marker expression gradually increased after PAM infection with PRRSV, whereas no significant changes were found with M1 marker expression, suggesting that PRRSV infection may skew macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype. Finally, we found that anti-viral cytokine expression was significantly higher in M1 macrophages than in M2 macrophages or nonpolarized controls. In summary, our results show that PRRSV replication was significantly impaired in M1 PAMs, which may serve as a foundation for further understanding of the dynamic phenotypic changes during macrophage polarization and their effects on viral infection.
| S-EPMC5709573 | biostudies-literature
Project description:UnlabelledPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important viruses affecting the swine industry worldwide. Our previous research showed that PRRSV downregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a pivotal cytoprotective enzyme, postinfection and that overexpression of HO-1 inhibits PRRSV replication. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and have recently been demonstrated to play vital roles in pathogen-host interactions. The present study sought to determine whether microRNAs modulate HO-1 expression and, by doing so, regulate PRRSV replication. Using bioinformatic prediction and experimental verification, we demonstrate that HO-1 expression is regulated by miR-24-3p. A direct interaction between miR-24-3p and HO-1 mRNA was confirmed using a number of approaches. Overexpression of miR-24-3p significantly decreased HO-1 mRNA and protein levels. PRRSV infection induced miR-24-3p expression to facilitate viral replication. The suppressive effect of HO-1 induction by protoporphyrin IX cobalt chloride (CoPP; a classical inducer of HO-1 expression) on PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages could also be reversed by overexpression of miR-24-3p. Collectively, these results suggested that miR-24-3p promotes PRRSV replication through suppression of HO-1 expression, which not only provides new insights into virus-host interactions during PRRSV infection but also suggests potential new antiviral strategies against PRRSV infection.ImportanceMicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in viral infections by regulating the expression of viral or host genes at the posttranscriptional level. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a pivotal cytoprotective enzyme, has antiviral activity for a number of viruses, such as Ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and our focus, PRRSV, which causes great economic losses each year in the swine industry worldwide. Here, we show that PRRSV infection induces host miRNA miR-24-3p expression and that miR-24-3p regulates HO-1 expression through both mRNA degradation and translation repression. Suppression of HO-1 expression by miR-24-3p facilitates PRRSV replication. This work lends credibility to the hypothesis that an arterivirus can manipulate cellular miRNAs to enhance virus replication by regulating antiviral responses following viral infection. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PRRSV.
| S-EPMC4442403 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is an economically important disease in the swine industry. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of the virus in pig meat and its transmissibility by oral consumption. This study further analyzed the infectivity of PRRSV in commercial pig meat. Fresh bottom meat pieces (n = 1500) randomly selected over a period of 2 y from a pork ham boning plant located in Quebec, Canada, were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each trimmed meat was stored in the plant freezer, subsampled weekly for up to 15 wk, and tested with quantitative RT-PCR to determine the viral load. Meat infectivity was evaluated using specific pathogen-free piglets, each fed with approximately 500 g of meat at the end of the storage time. Genotype-specific RT-PCR confirmed the presence of PRRSV mainly during cold weather in 0.73% of the fresh meat pieces. Wild and vaccine strains of genotype 2 were detected. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleic acid was stable in meat stored at around -20°C during the 15 wk. Serological and molecular analysis showed the transmission of infection by a majority of PRRSV positive meat pieces (5/9) fed orally to naïve recipients. The results confirmed a low prevalence of PRRSV in market's pig meat, and virus transmissibility by oral consumption to naïve recipients even after several weeks of storage in a commercial freezer. It occurred mainly with meat harboring the highest PRRSV RNA copies, in the range of 109 copies per 500 g of meat, with both wild type and vaccine-related strains.
| S-EPMC5508380 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe losses in the global pig industry. In the present study, we investigated the molecular characterization of porcine interferon stimulated gene 12a (ISG12A) and confirmed its anti-PRRSV ability for the first time. We found that porcine ISG12A was localized in mitochondria and significantly decreased the number of cells in G2/S phase. Porcine ISG12A mRNA was up-regulated in cells/tissues of Tongcheng (TC) pigs and Large White (LW) pigs after PRRSV challenge. More importantly, the ectopic overexpression of ISG12A could significantly suppress PRRSV replication at 24, 36 and 48 h post challenge (hpc), which was confirmed by detecting PRRSV ORF7 mRNA with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and PRRSV N protein with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in MARC-145 cells. Meanwhile, knockdown of endogenic ISG12A could obviously facilitate PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells at 36 hpc. The results will lead to a better understanding of the interaction between host immune system and PRRSV, which may help us develop novel therapeutic tools to control PRRSV.
| S-EPMC5578005 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of virus infection caused by the uptake of virus-antibody complexes by Fc?Rs is a significant obstacle to the development of effective vaccines to control certain human and animal viral diseases. The activation Fc?Rs, including Fc?RI and Fc?RIIa have been shown to mediate ADE infection of virus. In the present paper, we showed that pocine Fc?RIIb, an inhibitory Fc?R, mediates ADE of PRRSV infection. Stable Marc-145 cell lines expressing poFc?RIIb (Marc-poFc?RII) were established. The relative yield of progeny virus was significantly increased in the presence of sub-neutralization anti-PRRSV antibody. The Fab fragment and normal porcine sera had no effect. Anti-poFc?RII antibody inhibited the enhancement of infection when cells were infected in the presence of anti-PRRSV antibody, but not when cells were infected in the absence of antibody. These results indicate that enhancement of infection in these cells by anti-PRRSV virus antibody is Fc?RII-mediated. Identification of the inhibitory Fc?R mediating ADE infection should expand our understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis for a broad range of infectious diseases and may open many approaches for improvements to the treatment and prevention of such diseases.
| S-EPMC3248417 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a devastating pathogen in the swine industry worldwide. miRNAs are reported to be involved in virus-host interaction. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing and miRNA inhibitors to screen possible miRNAs that can inhibit PRRSV infection on its target cell, porcine alveolar macrophages. We observed that miR-218 was downregulated upon virus infection, and knockdown of miR-218 significantly enhanced PRRSV replication. Overexpression of miR-218 resulted in a decrease in PRRSV replication, and this overexpression did not alter viral genomic RNA levels, but rather increased antiviral interferon signaling. Further analysis revealed that miR-218 regulated PRRSV replication by directly targeting porcine suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a JAK2 kinase inhibitor. Knockdown of the endogenous SOCS3 expression led to augmentation of type I interferon genes and resulted in decreased PRRSV replication, and vice versa. During PRRSV infection in vivo and in vitro, cellular miR-218 expression was downregulated and SOCS3 expression was upregulated, further supporting the inverse correlation between miR-218 and SOCS3 expression. The data on SOCS3 depletion in combination with miR-218 inhibition suggested that the antiviral activity of miR-218 required the SOCS3-mediated signaling pathway. Similarly, miR-218 negatively regulated PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells, as well as the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in Vero and ST cells respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PRRSV-induced miR-218 downregulation serves to inhibit the type I interferon response and may provide a novel therapeutic target for treatment of PRRSV and other viral infections.
| S-EPMC8131720 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Linear ubiquitination plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response by regulating nuclear factor ?B (NF-?B). The linear ubiquitination-specific deubiquitinase ovarian tumor domain deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity (OTULIN) can control the immune signaling transduction pathway by restricting the Met1-linked ubiquitination process. In our study, the porcine OTLLIN gene was cloned and deubiquitin functions were detected in a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected-cell model. PRRSV infection promotes the expression of the OTULIN gene; in turn, overexpression of OTULIN contributes to PRRSV proliferation. There is negative regulation of innate immunity with OTULIN during viral infection. The cooperative effects of swine OTULIN and PRRSV Nsp11 potentiate the ability to reduce levels of cellular protein ubiquitin associated with innate immunity. Importantly, PRRSV Nsp11 recruits OTULIN through a nonenzymatic combination to enhance its ability to remove linear ubiquitination targeting NEMO, resulting in a superimposed effect that inhibits the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Our report presents a new model of virus utilization of the ubiquitin-protease system in vivo from the perspective of the viral proteins that interact with cell deubiquitination enzymes, providing new ideas for prevention and control of PRRSV.IMPORTANCE Deubiquitination effects of swine OTULIN were identified. The interaction between porcine OTULIN and PRRSV Nsp11 is dependent on the OTU domain. PRRSV Nsp11 recruits OTULIN through a nonenzymatic combination to promote removal of linear ubiquitination targeting NEMO, resulting in a superimposed effect that inhibits the production of type I IFNs.
| S-EPMC5899196 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause severe reproductive and respiratory pathologies resulting in immense monetary and welfare costs for the swine industry. The vaccines against PRRSV are available; but they struggle with providing protection against the plethora of heterologous PRRSV strains. To improve PRRSV vaccine development, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the crucial heterologous T-cell response to type-2 PRRSV. Following PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection using one high- or one low-pathogenic PRRSV-strain, this nine-week study evaluated the T-cell response to different PRRSV strains. Our results demonstrate an important role for T cells in this homo- and heterologous response. Specifically, the T-helper cells were the main responders during viremia. Their peak response at 28 dpi correlated with a reduction in viremia, and their homing receptor expression indicated the additional importance for the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic and lung tissue. The cytocoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was the strongest at the site of infection-the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage. The TCR-?? T cells were the main responders post viremia and PRRSV induced their expression of the lymph node homing the chemokine receptor, CCR7: This indicates a crucial role for TCR-?? T cells in the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic system.
| S-EPMC6784018 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMechanisms of fetal death following maternal PRRSV2 infection remain uncharacterized, although hypoxia from umbilical cord lesions and/or placental detachment due to apoptosis are hypothesized. We performed two experiments examining hypoxia and apoptosis in PRRSV-infected and non-infected, third-trimester fetuses to elucidate possible associations with fetal death. Fetuses were selected based on four phenotypic infection groups: fetuses from non-challenged control gilts (CTRL); low viral load fetuses (LVL; Exp 1) or uninfected fetuses (UNINF; Exp 2) from inoculated gilts; viable high viral load fetuses (HVL-VIA); and HVL meconium-stained fetuses (HVL-MEC).ResultsIn experiment 1, paraffin embedded fetal tissues collected 21 days post maternal infection (DPI) were examined for DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis. Positively stained foci were larger and more numerous (P < 0.05) in heart, liver, and thymus of HVL-VIA and HVL-MEC compared to CTRL and LVL fetuses. In experiment 2, group differences in gene expression within the hypoxia (HIF1a, IDO1, VEGFa, LDHA, NOS2, NOX1) and apoptosis (CASP3, CASP7, CASP8, CASP9, RIPK1, RIPK3) pathways were assessed by RT-qPCR in fetal tissues collected at 12 DPI. High viral load fetuses showed differential expression relative to the CTRL and UNINF (P < 0.05 for all). Brain tissue from HVL-VIA and HVL-MEC fetuses presented increased expression of CASP7, CASP8, RIPK3, HIF1a and IDO1. Fetal heart showed increased expression of CASP8, HIF1a, IDO and NOX1 and a decrease in NOS2 expression in infected groups. CASP7, CASP9, RIPK1 and RIPK3 were only increased in the heart of HVL-VIA while VEGFa was only increased for HVL-MEC fetuses. Thymus from HVL-MEC had decreased expression of CASP9 and there was increased IDO1 in all infected fetuses.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence of apoptosis occurring in the heart, liver and thymus of highly viral load fetuses at 21 DPI. Furthermore, there was clear upregulation of apoptotic genes in the heart of high viral load infected fetuses and less prominent upregulation in the brain of PRRSV-infected fetuses, whereas thymus appears to be spared at 12 DPI. There was no strong evidence of hypoxia at 12 DPI in brain and thymus but some indication of hypoxia occurring in fetal heart.
| S-EPMC8088663 | biostudies-literature