SIRT2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics and reprogramming via MEK1-ERK-DRP1 and AKT1-DRP1 axes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cha Y
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8780843 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Mitochondria coordinated a lot of vital cellular processes of energy production and distribution. Change of mitochondrial functions has been implicated in cancer progression. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of mitochondria dynamics in LASS2 induced invasion and chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells. J82 and BIU87 cell lines were used for LASS2 plasmid transfection while siRNA knockdown was carried out in 5637 cell line. Matrigel invasion assay and Annexin V/PI staining demonstrated that LASS2 negatively regulated cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance. JC-1 staining suggested that LASS2 overexpression downregulated mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitotracker staining showed that LASS2 induced mitochondrial fusion and inhibited mitochondrial fission. In addition, LASS2 overexpression downregulated expression of mitochondrial fission protein p-Drp1 Drp1 and Fis1. While depletion of LASS2 exhibited the opposite effects. Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi abolished invasion and chemoresistance induced by LASS2 siRNA. Furthermore, we found that LASS2 overexpression could inhibit phosphorylation of ERK, which act upstream of Drp1. ERK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed Drp1 phosphorylation and abrogated the effects of LASS2 depletion. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that LASS2 inhibits bladder cancer invasion and chemoresistance through regulation of ERK-Drp1 induced mitochondrial dynamics.
| S-EPMC5868169 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mitochondria adapt to cellular needs by changes in morphology through fusion and fission events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial function and morphology are intimately connected and the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is linked to several human diseases. In this work, we investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in wound healing in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis. Mutants for mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins fail to close their wounds, indicating that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is required for wound healing. By live-imaging, we found that loss of function of the mitochondrial fission protein Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) compromises the increase of cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium upon wounding and leads to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and F-actin defects at the wound edge, culminating in wound healing impairment. Our results highlight a new role for mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of calcium, ROS and F-actin during epithelial repair.
| S-EPMC7225088 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) regulation of mitochondrial fission in chondrocytes under pathological conditions, an area which is underexplored in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.DesignDRP1 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunofluorescence (IF) staining of cartilage sections. IL-1β-induced DRP1 mRNA expression in chondrocytes was quantified by qPCR and protein expression by immunoblotting. Mitochondrial fragmentation in chondrocytes was visualized by MitoTracker staining or IF staining of mitochondrial marker proteins or by transient expression of mitoDsRed. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by MitoSOX staining. Apoptosis was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, Caspase 3/7 activity assay, propidium iodide (PI), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and IF staining of cleaved caspase 3. Cytochrome c release was determined by confocal microscopy. Surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was used to induce osteoarthritis (OA) in mice.ResultsExpression of DRP1 and mitochondrial damage was high in human OA cartilage and in the joints of mice subjected to DMM surgery which also showed increased chondrocytes apoptosis. IL-1β-induced mitochondrial network fragmentation and chondrocyte apoptosis via modulation of DRP1 expression and activity and induce apoptosis via Bax-mediated release of Cytochrome c. Pharmacological inhibition of DRP1 activity by Mdivi-1 blocked IL-1β-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in chondrocytes. Additionally, IL-1β-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) is crucial for DRP1 activation and induction of mitochondrial network fragmentation in chondrocytes as these were blocked by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that ERK1/2 is a critical player in DRP1-mediated induction of mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes.
| S-EPMC8792336 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Oncocytic cell tumors are characterized by the accumulation of morphologically abnormal mitochondria in their cells, suggesting a role for abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis in oncocytic cell transformation. Little is known about the reason for the dysmorphology of accumulated mitochondria. The proteins regulating the morphology of mitochondria, the "mitochondria-shaping" proteins, can modulate their size and number; however, nothing is known hitherto about a possible involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in oncocytic cell transformation in tumors. Our aim was to assess the status of the mitochondria morphology and its role in oncocytic cell transformation. We therefore evaluated the expression pattern of the main mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in a series of thyroid cell tumor samples, as well as in thyroid tumor cell lines, with and without oncocytic cell features. The expression of mitochondrial fusion (Opa1, Mfn1 and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1 and Fis1) proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a series of 88 human thyroid tumors. In vitro studies, for comparative purposes and to deepen the study, were performed using TPC1--a papillary thyroid carcinoma derived cell line--and XTC.UC1, an oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma-derived cell line. Both IHC and in vitro protein analyses showed an overall increase in the levels of "mitochondrial-shaping" proteins in oncocytic thyroid tumors. Furthermore, overexpression of the pro-fission protein Drp1 was found to be associated with malignant oncocytic thyroid tumors. Interestingly, genetic and pharmacological blockage of Drp1 activity was able to influence thyroid cancer cells' migration/invasion ability, a feature of tumor malignancy. In this study we show that unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics characterize the malignant features of thyroid oncocytic cell tumors, and participate in the acquisition of the migrating phenotype.
| S-EPMC4379140 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During the process of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, somatic cells switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, a transition associated with profound mitochondrial reorganization. Neither the importance of mitochondrial remodelling for cell reprogramming, nor the molecular mechanisms controlling this process are well understood. Here, we show that an early wave of mitochondrial fragmentation occurs upon expression of reprogramming factors. Reprogramming-induced mitochondrial fission is associated with a minor decrease in mitochondrial mass but not with mitophagy. The pro-fission factor Drp1 is phosphorylated early in reprogramming, and its knockdown and inhibition impairs both mitochondrial fragmentation and generation of iPS cell colonies. Drp1 phosphorylation depends on Erk activation in early reprogramming, which occurs, at least in part, due to downregulation of the MAP kinase phosphatase Dusp6. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondrial fission controlled by an Erk-Drp1 axis constitutes an early and necessary step in the reprogramming process to pluripotency.
| S-EPMC4821885 | biostudies-other
Project description:Mitochondria form highly dynamic networks in which organelles constantly fuse and divide. The relevance of mitochondrial dynamics is evident from its implication in various human pathologies, including cancer or neurodegenerative, endocrine and cardiovascular diseases. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is a key regulator of mitochondrial fission that oligomerizes at the mitochondrial outer membrane and hydrolyzes GTP to drive mitochondrial fragmentation. Previous studies demonstrated that DRP1 recruitment and mitochondrial fission is promoted by actin polymerization at the mitochondrial surface, controlled by the actin regulatory proteins inverted formin 2 (INF2) and Spire1C. These studies suggested the requirement of additional actin regulatory activities to control DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Here we show that the actin-depolymerizing protein cofilin1, but not its close homolog actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), is required to maintain mitochondrial morphology. Deletion of cofilin1 caused mitochondrial DRP1 accumulation and fragmentation, without altering mitochondrial function or other organelles' morphology. Mitochondrial morphology in cofilin1-deficient cells was restored upon (i) re-expression of wild-type cofilin1 or a constitutively active mutant, but not of an actin-binding-deficient mutant, (ii) pharmacological destabilization of actin filaments and (iii) genetic depletion of DRP1. Our work unraveled a novel function for cofilin1-dependent actin dynamics in mitochondrial fission, and identified cofilin1 as a negative regulator of mitochondrial DRP1 activity. We conclude that cofilin1 is required for local actin dynamics at mitochondria, where it may balance INF2/Spire1C-induced actin polymerization.
| S-EPMC5680571 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy, and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Recent research studies have shed light on a noteworthy link between mitochondrial dynamics and muscle physiology. In the present study, we investigate the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a pivotal factor of mitochondrial dynamics, in myotube atrophy during cancer-associated cachexia.MethodsSeventy-six surgical patients, including gastrointestinal tumor and benign disease, were enrolled in the study and divided to three groups: control, non-cachexia, and cancer-associated cachexia. Demographic data were collected. Their rectus abdominis samples were acquired intraoperatively. Muscle fiber size, markers of ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), mitochondrial ultrastructure, and markers of mitochondrial function and dynamics were assayed. A cachexia model in vitro was established via coculturing a C2C12 myotube with media from C26 colon cancer cells. A specific DRP1 inhibitor, Mdivi-1, and a lentivirus of DRP1 knockdown/overexpression were used to regulate the expression of DRP1. Muscle diameter, mitochondrial morphology, mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential, and markers of UPS, mitochondrial function, and dynamics were determined.ResultsPatients of cachexia suffered from a conspicuous worsened nutrition status and muscle loss compared to patients of other groups. Severe mitochondrial swelling and enlarged area were observed, and partial alterations in mitochondrial function were found in muscle. Analysis of mitochondrial dynamics indicated an upregulation of phosphorylated DRP1 at the ser616 site. In vitro, cancer media resulted in the atrophy of myotube. This was accompanied with a prominent unbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, as well as enhanced mitochondrial ROS and decreased mitochondrial function and membrane potential. However, certain concentrations of Mdivi-1 and DRP1 knockdown rebalanced the mitochondrial dynamics, mitigating this negative phenotype caused by cachexia. Moreover, overexpression of DRP1 aggravated these phenomena.ConclusionIn clinical patients, cachexia induces abnormal mitochondrial changes and possible fission activation for the atrophied muscle. Our cachexia model in vitro further demonstrates that unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics contributes to this atrophy and mitochondrial impairment, and rebuilding the balance by regulating of DRP1 could ameliorate these alterations.
| S-EPMC8375307 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Macrophages play a critical role in the regulation of inflammation and tissue homeostasis. In addition to their vital functions for cell survival and physiology, mitochondria play a crucial role in innate immunity as a platform for the induction of inflammatory responses by regulating cell signaling and dynamics. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) plays a role in the induction of inflammatory responses and the subsequent development of various diseases. PGAM5 (phosphoglycerate mutase member 5) is a mitochondrial outer membrane phosphatase that dephosphorylates its substrate, Drp1. Previous studies showed that PGAM5 regulates the phosphorylation of Drp1 for the activation of NKT cells and T cells. However, it is not clear how PGAM5 regulates Drp1 activity for the induction of inflammation in macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that PGAM5 activity regulates the dephosphorylation of Drp1 in macrophages, leading to the induction of proinflammatory responses in macrophages. In TLR signaling, PGAM5 regulates the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines by regulating the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the NF-kB and MAPK pathways. Upon LPS stimulation, PGAM5 interacts with Drp1 to form a complex, leading to the production of mtROS. Furthermore, PGAM5-Drp1 signaling promotes the polarization of macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype. Our study further demonstrates that PGAM5-Drp1 signaling promotes metabolic reprogramming by upregulating glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages. Altogether, PGAM5 signaling might be a link between alterations in Drp1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics and inflammatory responses in macrophages and may be a target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
2023-06-20 | GSE235306 | GEO
Project description:Dysfunctional mitochondria have been shown to enhance cancer cell proliferation, reduce apoptosis, and increase chemoresistance. Chemoresistance develops in nearly all patients with colorectal cancer, leading to a decrease in the therapeutic efficacies of anticancer agents. However, the effect of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission on chemoresistance in colorectal cancer is unclear. Here, we found that the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in conditioned medium from dying cells by chemotherapeutic drugs and resistant cells, which triggered Drp1 phosphorylation via its receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE). RAGE signals ERK1/2 activation to phosphorylate Drp1 at residue S616 triggerring autophagy for chemoresistance and regrowth in the surviving cancer cells. Abolishment of Drp1 phosphorylation by HMGB1 inhibitor and RAGE blocker significantly enhance sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic treatment by suppressing autophagy. Furthermore, patients with high phospho-Drp1Ser616 are associated with high risk on developing tumor relapse, poor 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Moreover, patients with RAGE-G82S polymorphism (rs2070600) are associated with high phospho-Drp1Ser616 within tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that the release of HMGB1 from dying cancer cells enhances chemoresistance and regrowth via RAGE-mediated ERK/Drp1 phosphorylation.
| S-EPMC6158296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesHigh-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and aberrant mitochondrial fission mediated by excessive activation of GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) have been found to be elevated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and critically implicated in PAH pathogenesis. However, it remains unknown whether Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and which downstream targets of mitochondrial fission mediate HMGB1-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation and migration leading to vascular remodelling in PAH. This study aims to address these issues.MethodsPrimary cultured PASMCs were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We detected RNA levels by qRT-PCR, protein levels by Western blotting, cell proliferation by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU incorporation assays, migration by wound healing and transwell assays. SD rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT) to establish PAH. Hemodynamic parameters were measured by closed-chest right heart catheterization.ResultsHMGB1 increased Drp1 phosphorylation and Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation through extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling activation, and subsequently triggered autophagy activation, which further led to bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) lysosomal degradation and inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1) downregulation, and eventually promoted PASMCs proliferation/migration. Inhibition of ERK1/2 cascade, knockdown of Drp1 or suppression of autophagy restored HMGB1-induced reductions of BMPR2 and Id1, and diminished HMGB1-induced PASMCs proliferation/migration. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin, suppression of mitochondrial fission by Mdivi-1 or blockage of autophagy by chloroquine prevented PAH development in MCT-induced rats PAH model.ConclusionsHMGB1 promotes PASMCs proliferation/migration and pulmonary vascular remodelling by activating ERK1/2/Drp1/Autophagy/BMPR2/Id1 axis, suggesting that this cascade might be a potential novel target for management of PAH.
| S-EPMC8168414 | biostudies-literature