Harvesting krypton isotopes from the off-gas of an irradiated water target to generate 76Br and 77Br.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Clause HK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8792061 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Many radioisotopes with potential medical applications are difficult to produce routinely, especially those on the proton-rich side of the valley of stability. Current production methods typically use light-ion (protons or deuteron) reactions on materials of similar mass to the target radioisotope, which limits the elemental target material available and may require the use of targets with poor thermal properties (as is the case for the production of radiobromine). These reactions may also create significant amounts of proton-rich decay products which require chemical separation from the desired product in a highly radioactive environment. A promising alternative method using heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reactions for the production of the medically relevant bromine radioisotopes 76Br (t1/2 = 16.2 h) and 77Br (t1/2 = 57.0 h) is presented. Heavy-ion beams of 28Si and 16O were used to bombard natural chromium and copper targets just above the Coulomb barrier at the University of Notre Dame's Nuclear Science Laboratory to produce these bromine and precursor radioisotopes by fusion-evaporation reactions. Production yields for these reactions were measured and compared to PACE4 calculations. In addition to using more robust targets for irradiation, a simple physical-chemical separation method is proposed that will lead to very high radiopurity yields. A summary of accelerator facility requirements needed for routine production of these radioisotopes is also presented.
| S-EPMC8333326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe radioisotopes of bromine are uniquely suitable radiolabels for small molecule theranostic radiopharmaceuticals but are of limited availability due to production challenges. Significantly improved methods were developed for the production and radiochemical isolation of clinical quality 76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr. The radiochemical quality of the radiobromine produced using these methods was tested through the synthesis of a novel 77Br-labeled inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a DNA damage response protein.Methods76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr were produced in high radionuclidic purity via the proton irradiation of novel isotopically-enriched Co76Se, Co77Se, and Co80Se intermetallic targets, respectively. Radiobromine was isolated through thermal chromatographic distillation in a vertical furnace assembly. The 77Br-labeled PARP inhibitor was synthesized via copper-mediated aryl boronic ester radiobromination.ResultsCyclotron production yields were 103 ± 10 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 76Br, 88 ± 10 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 80mBr at 16 MeV and 17 ± 1 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 77Br at 13 MeV. Radiobromide isolation yields were 76 ± 11% in a small volume of aqueous solution. The synthesized 77Br-labeled PARP-1 inhibitor had a measured apparent molar activity up to 700 GBq/μmol at end of synthesis.ConclusionsA novel selenium alloy target enabled clinical-scale production of 76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr with high apparent molar activities, which was used to for the production of a new 77Br-labeled inhibitor of PARP-1.Advances in knowledgeNew methods for the cyclotron production and isolation of radiobromine improved the production capacity of 77Br by a factor of three and 76Br by a factor of six compared with previous methods.Implications for patient carePreclinical translational research of 77Br-based Auger electron radiotherapeutics, such as those targeting PARP-1, will require the production of GBq-scale 77Br, which necessitates next-generation, high-yielding, isotopically-enriched cyclotron targets, such as the novel intermetallic Co77Se.
| S-EPMC9066421 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis mass spectrometer Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer on board the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft detected the major isotopes of the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Earlier, it was found that xenon exhibits an isotopic composition distinct from anywhere else in the solar system. However, argon isotopes, within error, were shown to be consistent with solar isotope abundances. This discrepancy suggested an additional exotic component of xenon in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We show that krypton also exhibits an isotopic composition close to solar. Furthermore, we found the argon to krypton and the krypton to xenon ratios in the comet to be lower than solar, which is a necessity to postulate an addition of exotic xenon in the comet.
| S-EPMC6031375 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sulfur is critical for the correct structure and proper function of proteins. Yet, lacking a sensitive enough isotope, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments are unable to deliver for sulfur in proteins the usual wealth of chemical, dynamic, and structural information. This limitation can be circumvented by substituting sulfur with selenium, which has similar physicochemical properties and minimal impact on protein structures but possesses an NMR compatible isotope (77Se). Here we exploit the sensitivity of 77Se NMR to the nucleus' chemical milieu and use selenomethionine as a probe for its proteinaceous environment. However, such selenium NMR spectra of proteins currently resist a reliable interpretation because systematic connections between variations of system variables and changes in 77Se NMR parameters are still lacking. To start narrowing this knowledge gap, we report here on a biological 77Se magnetic resonance data bank based on a systematically designed library of GB1 variants in which a single selenomethionine was introduced at different locations within the protein. We recorded the resulting isotropic 77Se chemical shifts and relaxation times for six GB1 variants by solution-state 77Se NMR. For four of the GB1 variants we were also able to determine the chemical shift anisotropy tensor of SeM by solid-state 77Se NMR. To enable interpretation of the NMR data, the structures of five of the GB1 variants were solved by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.2 Å, allowing us to unambiguously determine the conformation of the selenomethionine. Finally, we combine our solution- and solid-state NMR data with the structural information to arrive at general insights regarding the execution and interpretation of 77Se NMR experiments that exploit selenomethionine to probe proteins.
| S-EPMC8088340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We investigate the presence of complex organic molecules (COMs) in strongly UV-irradiated interstellar molecular gas. We have carried out a complete millimetre (mm) line survey using the IRAM 30 m telescope towards the edge of the Orion Bar photodissociation region (PDR), close to the H2 dissociation front, a position irradiated by a very intense far-UV (FUV) radiation field. These observations have been complemented with 8.5″ resolution maps of the H2CO JKa,Kc = 51,5 → 41,4 and C18O J = 3 → 2 emission at 0.9 mm. Despite being a harsh environment, we detect more than 250 lines from COMs and related precursors: H2CO, CH3OH, HCO, H2CCO, CH3CHO, H2CS, HCOOH, CH3CN, CH2NH, HNCO, [Formula: see text] and HC3N (in decreasing order of abundance). For each species, the large number of detected lines allowed us to accurately constrain their rotational temperatures (Trot) and column densities (N). Owing to subthermal excitation and intricate spectroscopy of some COMs (symmetric- and asymmetric-top molecules such as CH3CN and H2CO, respectively), a correct determination of N and Trot requires building rotational population diagrams of their rotational ladders separately. The inferred column densities are in the 1011 - 1013cm-2 range. We also provide accurate upper limit abundances for chemically related molecules that might have been expected, but are not conclusively detected at the edge of the PDR (HDCO, CH3O, CH3NC, CH3CCH, CH3OCH3, HCOOCH3, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CN, and CH2CHCN). A non-thermodynamic equilibrium excitation analysis for molecules with known collisional rate coefficients suggests that some COMs arise from different PDR layers but we cannot resolve them spatially. In particular, H2CO and CH3CN survive in the extended gas directly exposed to the strong FUV flux (Tk = 150 - 250 K and Td ≳ 60 K), whereas CH3OH only arises from denser and cooler gas clumps in the more shielded PDR interior (Tk = 40 - 50 K). The non-detection of HDCO towards the PDR edge is consistent with the minor role of pure gas-phase deuteration at very high temperatures. We find a HCO/H2CO/CH3OH ≃ 1/5/3 abundance ratio. These ratios are different from those inferred in hot cores and shocks. Taking into account the elevated gas and dust temperatures at the edge of the Bar (mostly mantle-free grains), we suggest the following scenarios for the formation of COMs: (i) hot gas-phase reactions not included in current models; (ii) warm grain-surface chemistry; or (iii) the PDR dynamics is such that COMs or precursors formed in cold icy grains deeper inside the molecular cloud desorb and advect into the PDR.
| S-EPMC5683355 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Primordial volatiles were delivered to terrestrial reservoirs during Earth's accretion, and the mantle plume source is thought to have retained a greater proportion of primordial volatiles compared with the upper mantle. This study shows that mantle He, Ne, and Xe isotopes require that the plume mantle had low concentrations of volatiles like Xe and H2O at the end of accretion compared with the upper mantle. A lower extent of mantle processing alone is not sufficient to explain plume noble gas signatures. Ratios of primordial isotopes are used to determine proportions of solar, chondritic, and regassed atmospheric volatiles in the plume mantle and upper mantle. The regassed Ne flux exceeds the regassed Xe flux but has a small impact on the mantle Ne budget. Pairing primordial isotopes with radiogenic systems gives an absolute concentration of 130Xe in the plume source of ∼1.5 × 107 atoms 130Xe/g at the end of accretion, ∼4 times less than that determined for the ancient upper mantle. A record of limited accretion of volatile-rich solids thus survives in the He-Ne-Xe signatures of mantle rocks today. A primordial viscosity contrast originating from a factor of ∼4 to ∼250 times lower H2O concentration in the plume mantle compared with the upper mantle may explain (a) why giant impacts that triggered whole mantle magma oceans did not homogenize the growing planet, (b) why the plume mantle has experienced less processing by partial melting over Earth's history, and (c) how early-formed isotopic heterogeneities may have survived ∼4.5 Gy of solid-state mantle convection.
| S-EPMC9303854 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A novel bifunctional catalyst derived from BINOL has been developed that promotes the highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of a number of structurally distinct unsaturated acids. Like some known catalysts, this catalyst promotes highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of 4- and 5-aryl-4-pentenoic acids, but it also catalyzes the highly enantioselective bromolactonizations of 5-alkyl-4(Z)-pentenoic acids. These reactions represent the first catalytic bromolactonizations of alkyl-substituted olefinic acids that proceed via 5-exo mode cyclizations to give lactones in which new carbon-bromine bonds are formed at a stereogenic center with high enantioselectivity. We also disclose the first catalytic desymmetrization of a prochiral dienoic acid by enantioselective bromolactonization.
| S-EPMC3397382 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Single-atom dynamics of noble-gas elements have been investigated using time-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with direct observation providing for a deeper understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity, and states of matter at the nanoscale. We report on a nanoscale system consisting of endohedral fullerenes encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes ((Kr@C60)@SWCNT), capable of the delivery and release of krypton atoms on-demand, via coalescence of host fullerene cages under the action of the electron beam (in situ) or heat (ex situ). The state and dynamics of Kr atoms were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Kr atom positions were measured precisely using aberration-corrected high-resolution TEM (AC-HRTEM), aberration-corrected scanning TEM (AC-STEM), and single-atom spectroscopic imaging (STEM-EELS). The electron beam drove the formation of 2Kr@C120 capsules, in which van der Waals Kr2 and transient covalent [Kr2]+ bonding states were identified. Thermal coalescence led to the formation of longer coalesced nested nanotubes containing more loosely bound Krn chains (n = 3-6). In some instances, delocalization of Kr atomic positions was confirmed by STEM analysis as the transition to a one-dimensional (1D) gas, as Kr atoms were constrained to only one degree of translational freedom within long, well-annealed, nested nanotubes. Such nested nanotube structures were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. This material represents a highly compressed and dimensionally constrained 1D gas stable under ambient conditions. Direct atomic-scale imaging has revealed elusive bonding states and a previously unseen 1D gaseous state of matter of this noble gas element, demonstrating TEM to be a powerful tool in the discovery of chemistry at the single-atom level.
| S-EPMC10832048 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Capture and storage of volatile radionuclides that result from processing of used nuclear fuel is a major challenge. Solid adsorbents, in particular ultra-microporous metal-organic frameworks, could be effective in capturing these volatile radionuclides, including 85Kr. However, metal-organic frameworks are found to have higher affinity for xenon than for krypton, and have comparable affinity for Kr and N2. Also, the adsorbent needs to have high radiation stability. To address these challenges, here we evaluate a series of ultra-microporous metal-organic frameworks, SIFSIX-3-M (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, or Fe) for their capability in 85Kr separation and storage using a two-bed breakthrough method. These materials were found to have higher Kr/N2 selectivity than current benchmark materials, which leads to a notable decrease in the nuclear waste volume. The materials were systematically studied for gamma and beta irradiation stability, and SIFSIX-3-Cu is found to be the most radiation resistant.
| S-EPMC7303119 | biostudies-literature
Project description:NMR spectroscopy has been applied to virtually all sites within proteins and biomolecules; however, the observation of sulfur sites remains very challenging. Recent studies have examined 77Se as a replacement for sulfur and applied 77Se NMR in both the solution and solid states. As a spin-1/2 nuclide, 77Se is attractive as a probe of sulfur sites, and it has a very large chemical shift range (due to a large chemical shift anisotropy), which makes it potentially very sensitive to structural and/or binding interactions as well as dynamics. Despite being a spin-1/2 nuclide, there have been rather limited studies of 77Se, and the ability to use 1H-indirect detection has been sparse. Some examples exist, but in the absence of a directly bonded, nonexchangeable 1H, these have been largely limited to smaller molecules. We develop and illustrate approaches using double-labeling of 13C and 77Se in proteins that enable more sensitive triple-resonance schemes via multistep coherence transfers and 1H-detection. These methods require specialized hardware and decoupling schemes, which we developed and will be discussed.
| S-EPMC10655107 | biostudies-literature