The Impact of Treatment as Prevention on the HIV Epidemic in British Columbia, Canada.
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ABSTRACT: Purpose of review
This study proposes to describe the impact of a publicly funded Treatment as Prevention (TasP) strategy in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in decreasing the individual and public health impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic.Recent findings
In BC, TasP has been associated with a steady decline in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. At the same time, a demographic transition was observed among people living with HIV (PLWH), with the majority of those on antiretroviral treatment (ART) now ≥ 50 years of age, living with at least one comorbidity, and dying from age-associated comorbidities. We also documented a progressive increase in the proportion of viral load suppression as a result of ART expansion. While the pre-ART CD4 T cell count has increased steadily in recent years, there is still a large proportion of PLWH being diagnosed in later stages of HIV infection. New HIV diagnoses have been rapidly declining, however to a lesser extent among men who have sex with men (MSM), and BC is currently experiencing an increase in infectious syphilis cases in this population. These facts reinforce the effectiveness of TasP in decreasing HIV transmission, but at the same time, it highlights the need for further innovation to enhance the control of HIV and syphilis among MSM. This study supports the development of new approaches that address existing gaps in the TasP strategy in BC, and the future health needs of PLWH.
SUBMITTER: Lima VD
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8797149 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND:Identifying populations at high risk of HIV transmission is critical for prioritizing treatment and prevention resources and achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Targets. METHODS:HIV transmission rates can be estimated from phylogenetic trees as viral lineage-level diversification rates. To identify HIV-1 transmission foci in British Columbia, Canada, we inferred diversification rates from phylogenetic trees of 36 271 HIV-1 sequences from 9630 anonymized individuals. Diversification rates were combined with sociodemographic and clinical data, then aggregated by patients' area of residence to predict the distribution of new HIV cases between 2008 and 2018. The predictive power of the model was compared with a phylogenetically uninformed model. FINDINGS:Aggregated diversification rate measures were predictive of new HIV cases in the subsequent year after adjusting for prevalent and incident cases in the previous year. For every one-unit increase in the mean of the top five diversification rates, the number of new HIV cases increased by on average 1·38-fold (95% CI, 1·28-1·49). In a blind prediction of 2018 cases, diversification rate improved the model's specificity by 12%, accuracy by 9%, top 20 agreement by 100%, and correlation of predicted and observed values by 162% relative to a model that incorporated epidemiological data alone. INTERPRETATION:By predicting the distribution of future HIV cases, a combined phylogenetic and epidemiological approach identifies hotspots where public health resources are needed most. FUNDING:Canadian Institutes of Health Research, University of British Columbia, Public Health Agency of Canada, Genome Canada, Genome BC, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, and BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS.
| S-EPMC6838403 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, was among the first jurisdictions to scale up HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) to the population level, including funding and policy commitments that enhanced HIV testing efforts (e.g., expansion of routine, opt-out testing), while also making antiretroviral therapy universally available to all people living with HIV. As such, BC represents a critical context within which to identify factors that influenced the scalability of TasP (e.g., acceptability, adoption, fidelity, equitable reach, sustainability), including key opportunities and challenges.MethodsWe draw on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 key stakeholders, comprised policymakers at the local and provincial levels and representatives from community-based organizations. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide data collection, coding, and analysis, we identified key factors that influenced practice transformation and scale up.ResultsKey factors that contributed to the successful scale up of TasP included: (i) opportunities that enhanced stakeholder buy-in based on features of the intervention characteristics, including with regard to assessments about the quality and strength of evidence supporting TasP; (ii) an inner setting implementation climate that was, in part, shaped by the large and highly symbolic government investments into TasP; (iii) features of the outer setting such as external policies (e.g., harm reduction) that cultivated opportunities to implement new "systems-level" approaches to HIV intervention; (iv) the personal attributes of some "middle-level" influencers, including a team that was comprised of some highly motivated and social justice-oriented individuals (e.g., folks who were deeply committed to serving marginalized populations); and (v) the capacity to develop various implementation processes that could maintain "nimble and evidence-informed" adaptations across a highly decentralized service delivery system, while also creating opportunities to adapt features of TasP programming based on "real time" program data.ConclusionConstructs across all five domains of CFIR (intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of individuals, and process) were identified to influence the success of TasP in BC. Our findings provide important insights into how BC can successfully implement and scale up other systems-level interventions that have demonstrated efficacy, while also offering insights for other jurisdictions that are currently or planning to scale up TasP.
| S-EPMC7427937 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Social isolation, a risk factor for poor health within the general population, may be exacerbated by unique challenges faced by people living with HIV (PLHIV). This analysis examines the association between social isolation and all-cause mortality among a cohort of PLHIV experiencing multiple social vulnerabilities. The analytical sample included 936 PLHIV???19 years, living in British Columbia, Canada, and enrolled in the Longitudinal Investigation into Supportive and Ancillary Health Services (LISA) Study (2007-2010). Participants were classified as Socially Connected (SC), Minimally Isolated (MI) or Socially Isolated (SI) via latent class analysis. Cross-sectional survey data was linked to longitudinal clinical data from a provincial HIV treatment database. Mortality was assessed longitudinally up to and including December 31st, 2017. Through multivariable logistic regression, an association between SI and all-cause mortality was found (adjusted OR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.08, 2.01). These findings emphasize the need to mitigate effects of social isolation among PLHIV.
| S-EPMC7427496 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and aimsMultiple interventions and policy changes related to opioid agonist treatment (OAT) have been introduced in British Columbia, Canada to increase engagement and retention in OAT. We aimed to estimate the impact of policy changes and the announcement of the opioid overdose-related public health emergency on the use of OAT for incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder.DesignInterrupted time-series analysis. Events of interest included the expansion of buprenorphine/naloxone into provincial health-care insurance coverage in October 2015 and the public health emergency declared in April 2016.Setting and participantsOur study included 9220 incarcerated individuals from 12 provincial corrections facilities in British Columbia, Canada for a total of 75 649 calendar months of incarceration.MeasurementsMonthly measures of OAT use during incarceration from 1 January 2013 to 30 September 2017. We estimated changes in OAT use, controlling for individual and facility-level factors, using a general estimating equation, specified with a logit link and an autoregressive correlation matrix.FindingsAfter the provincial health insurance coverage expansion, a sharp increase in OAT use during incarceration was observed [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 1.19]. The public health emergency coincided with an immediate but temporary increase in OAT receipt (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.22, 1.47). During the entire study period, we estimated a 10-fold increase in the adjusted odds of OAT use during incarceration (aOR = 10.10, 95% CI = 8.98, 11.37).ConclusionFollowing an expansion of health-care insurance coverage to include buprenorphine/naloxone, receipt of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) within correctional facilities in British Columbia, Canada increased, largely driven by an increase in buprenorphine/naloxone prescriptions among individuals without recent OAT experience.
| S-EPMC9835718 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeThe Seek and Treat for Optimal Prevention of HIV/AIDS (STOP HIV/AIDS) Program Evaluation (SHAPE) study is a longitudinal cohort developed to monitor the progress of an HIV testing and treatment expansion programme across the province of British Columbia (BC). The study considers how sociostructural determinants such as gender, age, sexual identity, geography, income and ethnicity influence engagement in HIV care.ParticipantsBetween January 2016 and September 2018, 644 BC residents who were at least 19 years old and diagnosed with HIV were enrolled in the study and completed a baseline survey. Participants will complete two additional follow-up surveys (18 months apart) about their HIV care experiences, with clinical follow-up ongoing.Findings to dateAnalyses on baseline data have found high levels of HIV care engagement and treatment success among SHAPE participants, with 95% of participants receiving antiretroviral therapy and 90% having achieved viral suppression. However, persistent disparities in HIV treatment outcomes related to age, injection drug use and housing stability have been identified and require further attention when delivering services to marginalised groups.Future plansOur research will examine how engagement in HIV care evolves over time, continuing to identify barriers and facilitators for promoting equitable access to treatment and care among people living with HIV. A qualitative research project, currently in the formative phase, will compliment quantitative analyses by taking a strengths-based approach to exploring experiences of engagement and re-engagement in HIV treatment among individuals who have experienced delayed treatment initiation or treatment interruptions.
| S-EPMC7228510 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Accidental overdoses are now the leading cause of death among people with HIV (PWH) in British Columbia (BC). We examined the utilization and retention of opioid agonist therapy (OAT). Adult PWH (≥19 years) with ≥ 1 OAT dispensation in BC between 2008 and 2020 were included (n = 1,515). OAT treatment episodes were formed based on specific criteria for slow-release oral morphine (SROM), methadone, injectable OAT (iOAT), and buprenorphine/naloxone. Retention in treatment was defined as any episode lasting ≥ 12 months. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations modeled retention-associated factors. There was a 56.6% decline in OAT retention over time. Buprenorphine treatment exhibited significantly lower odds of retention (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36-0.92) compared to methadone. Conversely, no significant change in retention odds was observed for SROM (0.72; 0.33-1.54) and iOAT (0.81; 0.31-2.12). Factors associated with increased odds of retention included a 10-year increase in age (1.69; 1.46-1.95), previous retention history (1.96; 1.40-2.73), achieving OAT therapeutic dose (8.22; 6.67-10.14), and suppressed HIV viral load (1.35; 1.10-1.67). Individuals with a lifetime HCV diagnosis receiving iOAT were more likely to retain (3.61; 1.20-10.83). Each additional year on OAT during the study period was associated with a 4% increase in the odds of retention. A significant proportion of PWH had a history of OAT prescribing but experienced low retention rates. Retention outcomes were more positive for SROM and iOAT. The association between OAT medication type and retention odds may be particularly influenced by HCV diagnosis. Optimal management of opioid use disorder among PWH, with an emphasis on attaining the therapeutic dose is crucial.
| S-EPMC10382920 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesWe measured gender differences in "Quality of Care" (QOC) during the first year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy and investigated factors associated with poorer QOC among women.DesignQOC was estimated using the Programmatic Compliance Score (PCS), a validated metric associated with all-cause mortality, among all patients (≥19 years) who initiated ART in British Columbia, Canada (2000-2010).MethodsPCS includes six indicators of non-compliance with treatment initiation guidelines at baseline (not having drug resistance testing before treatment; starting on a non-recommended regimen; starting therapy at CD4<200 cells/mm3) and during first-year follow-up (receiving <3 CD4 tests; receiving <3 viral load tests; not achieving viral suppression within six months). Summary scores range from 0-6; higher scores indicate poorer QOC. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to measure if female gender was an independent predictor of poorer QOC and factors associated with poorer QOC among women.ResultsQOC was determined for 3,642 patients (20% women). At baseline: 42% of women (34% men) did not have resistance testing before treatment; 17% of women (9% men) started on a non-recommended regimen (all p<0.001). At follow-up: 17% of women (11% men) received <3 CD4; 17% of women (11% men) received <3 VL; 50% of women (41% men) did not achieve viral suppression (all p<0.001). Overall, QOC was better among men (mean PSC = 1.54 (SD = 1.30)) compared with women (mean = 1.89 (SD = 1.37); p<0.001). In the multivariable model, female gender (AOR = 1.16 [95% CI: 0.99-1.35]; p = 0.062) remained associated with poorer QOC after covariate adjustment. Among women, those with injection drug use history, of Aboriginal ancestry, from Vancouver Island, and who initiated ART in earlier years were more likely to have poorer QOC.ConclusionsPoorer QOC among women, especially from marginalized communities, demands that barriers undermining women's access to high-quality care be addressed to improve treatment and health for women with HIV.
| S-EPMC3958538 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionDespite the tremendous improvements in survival, some groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) continue to have lower survival rates than the overall HIV-positive population. Here, we characterize the evolving pattern of mortality among PLHIV in British Columbia since the beginning of the expansion of antiretroviral treatment in 2003.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 3653 individuals ≥20 years old, who enrolled on treatment between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2012, and were followed until December 31, 2013. All-cause mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare mortality outcomes of PLHIV to the general population. Abridged life tables were constructed to estimate the life expectancy at age 20 years for PLHIV.ResultsThe overall crude mortality rate was 28.57 per 1000 person-years, the SMR was 3.22 and the life expectancy was 34.53 years. Interestingly, if we considered only individuals alive after the first year, the life expectancy increased to 48.70 years (41% increase). The SMRs for males and females decreased over time. Although females had higher SMRs in 2003 to 2008, this difference no longer existed in 2009 to 2011. There were also important differences in mortality outcomes for different clinical and demographical characteristics.ConclusionsMortality outcomes of PLHIV who initiated antiretroviral treatment have dramatically improved over the last decade. However, there is still room for improvement and multilateral efforts should continue to promote early, sustained engagement of PLHIV on treatment so that the impact of treatment can be fully realized.
| S-EPMC4598331 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWidespread HIV screening and access to highly active antiretroviral treatment (ART) were cost effective in mathematical models, but population-level implementation has led to questions about cost, value, and feasibility. In 1996, British Columbia, Canada, introduced universal coverage of drug and other health-care costs for people with HIV/AIDS and and began extensive scale-up in access to ART. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of ART scale-up in British Columbia compared with hypothetical scenarios of constrained treatment access.MethodsUsing comprehensive linked population-level data, we populated a dynamic, compartmental transmission model to simulate the HIV/AIDS epidemic in British Columbia from 1997 to 2010. We estimated HIV incidence, prevalence, mortality, costs (in 2010 CAN$), and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for the study period, which was 1997-2010. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios from societal and third-party-payer perspectives to compare actual practice (true numbers of individuals accessing ART) to scenarios of constrained expansion (75% and 50% probability of accessing ART). We also investigated structural and parameter uncertainty.FindingsActual practice resulted in 263 averted incident cases compared with 75% of observed access and 676 averted cases compared with 50% of observed access to ART. From a third-party-payer perspective, actual practice resulted in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $23 679 per QALY versus 75% access and $24 250 per QALY versus 50% access. From a societal perspective, actual practice was cost saving within the study period. When the model was extended to 2035, current observed access resulted in cumulative savings of $25·1 million compared with the 75% access scenario and $65·5 million compared with the 50% access scenario.InterpretationART scale-up in British Columbia has decreased HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission. Resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for actual practice, derived within a limited timeframe, were within established cost-effectiveness thresholds and were cost saving from a societal perspective.FundingBC Ministry of Health, National Institute of Drug Abuse at the US National Institutes of Health.
| S-EPMC4610179 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLate HIV diagnosis is associated with increased AIDS-related morbidity and mortality as well as an increased risk of HIV transmission. In this study, we quantified and characterized missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis in British Columbia (BC), Canada.DesignRetrospective cohort.MethodsA missed opportunity was defined as a healthcare encounter due to a clinical manifestation which may be caused by HIV infection, or is frequently present among those with HIV infection, but no HIV diagnosis followed within 30 days. We developed an algorithm to identify missed opportunities within one, three, and five years prior to diagnosis. The algorithm was applied to the BC STOP HIV/AIDS population-based cohort. Eligible individuals were ≥18 years old, and diagnosed from 2001-2014. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with missed opportunities.ResultsOf 2119 individuals, 7%, 12% and 14% had ≥1 missed opportunity during one, three and five years prior to HIV diagnosis, respectively. In all analyses, individuals aged ≥40 years, heterosexuals or people who ever injected drugs, and those residing in Northern health authority had increased odds of experiencing ≥1 missed opportunity. In the three and five-year analysis, individuals with a CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 were at higher odds of experiencing ≥1 missed opportunity. Prominent missed opportunities were related to recurrent pneumonia, herpes zoster/shingles among younger individuals, and anemia related to nutritional deficiencies or unspecified cause.ConclusionsBased on our newly-developed algorithm, this study demonstrated that HIV-diagnosed individuals in BC have experienced several missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis. Specific clinical indicator conditions and population sub-groups at increased risk of experiencing these missed opportunities were identified. Further work is required in order to validate the utility of this proposed algorithm by establishing the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values corresponding to the incidence of the clinical indicator conditions among both HIV-diagnosed and HIV-negative populations.
| S-EPMC6428302 | biostudies-literature