SARS-CoV-2 RNA persists on surfaces following terminal disinfection of COVID-19 hospital isolation rooms
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zhang H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8801058 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectiveData on SARS-CoV-2transmission remains conflicting. Airborne transmission is still debated. However, the hospital risk-control requires a better understanding of the different transmission modes. This work aimed at evaluating the frequency and factors associated with environmental air and surface contamination in the rooms of patients with COVID-19 in the acute phase of the disease.MethodsWe included 65 consecutive patients and sampled for each patient: seven room surfaces, air at one and three meters, patient's mask (inner face) and healthcare worker's mask (external face). Environmental contamination was assessed by RT-qPCR (Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces, air and masks. Then, we performed a viral isolation test on Vero cells for samples having RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) ≤37.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in respectively 34%, 12%, 50% and 10% of surface, air, patient mask and HCW mask. We isolated an infectious virus in culture from 2 samples among the 85 positive ones with a Ct ≤37. By multivariate analysis, only the positivity of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR on patient's inner face mask was significant factor for surface contamination (OR: 5.79; 95% CI: 1.31-25.67; p = 0.025).ConclusionSurface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 seems to be more frequent comparatively to air or mask contamination. However, viable virus seems to be rarely documented. Patient's inner face mask could be used as a carrier marker to identify patients with a higher risk of contamination.
| S-EPMC9098885 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCharacterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of COVID-19. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors at multiple time points over an 11-month period in order to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection.MethodsFrom April 2020 to February 2021, we enrolled 228 donors. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or had study samples drawn only. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using the VITROS® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays, and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA).ResultsAnti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of COVID-19 convalescent donors at initial presentation. In follow up analyses, of the 116 donors presenting for repeat timepoints, 91.4% of donors had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months post-symptom recovery, while 63% had detectable neutralizing titers, however, we observed that 25% of donors had neutralizing levels that dropped to an undetectable titer over time.ConclusionOur data suggest that immunological memory is acquired in most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in a majority of patients for up to 11 months after recovery.
| S-EPMC8195007 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The worldwide repercussions of COVID-19 sparked important research efforts, yet the detailed contribution of aerosols in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been elucidated. In an attempt to quantify viral aerosols in the environment of infected patients, we collected 100 air samples in acute care hospital rooms hosting 22 patients over the course of nearly two months using three different air sampling protocols. Quantification by RT-qPCR (ORF1b) led to 11 positive samples from 6 patient rooms (Ct < 40). Viral cultures were negative. No correlation was observed between particular symptoms, length of hospital stay, clinical parameters, and time since symptom onset and the detection of airborne viral RNA. Low detection rates in the hospital rooms may be attributable to the appropriate application of mitigation methods according to the risk control hierarchy, such as increased ventilation to 4.85 air changes per hour to create negative pressure rooms. Our work estimates the mean emission rate of patients and potential airborne concentration in the absence of ventilation. Additional research is needed understand aerosolization events occur, contributing factors, and how best to prevent them.
| S-EPMC7734095 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Understanding the particle size distribution in the air and patterns of environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. Here we screen surface and air samples from hospital rooms of COVID-19 patients for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Environmental sampling is conducted in three airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) in the ICU and 27 AIIRs in the general ward. 245 surface samples are collected. 56.7% of rooms have at least one environmental surface contaminated. High touch surface contamination is shown in ten (66.7%) out of 15 patients in the first week of illness, and three (20%) beyond the first week of illness (p?=?0.01, ?2 test). Air sampling is performed in three of the 27 AIIRs in the general ward, and detects SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive particles of sizes >4?µm and 1-4?µm in two rooms, despite these rooms having 12 air changes per hour. This warrants further study of the airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2.
| S-EPMC7260225 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceEnvironmental contamination is a source of transmission between patients, health care practitioners, and other stakeholders in the acute care setting.ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of an enhanced daily disinfection strategy vs standard disinfection in acute care hospital rooms.Design, setting, and participantsThis randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted in acute care hospital rooms at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina, from November 2021 to March 2022. Rooms were occupied by patients with contact precautions. Room surfaces (bed rails, overbed table, and in-room sink) were divided into 2 sides (right vs left), allowing each room to serve as its own control. Each side was randomized 1:1 to the intervention group or control group.InterventionsThe intervention was a quaternary ammonium, salt-based, 24-hour continuously active germicidal wipe. It was applied in addition to routine disinfection for the intervention group. The control group received no intervention beyond routine disinfection.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was the total contamination, measured in colony-forming units (CFUs) on the bed rails, overbed table, and sink on study day 1. The secondary outcomes were the proportion of sample areas with positive test results for clinically important pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; the similarity in baseline contamination between sample area sides on study day 0 before application of the intervention, and the proportion of sample areas with removed UV luminescent gel on study day 1.ResultsA total of 50 study rooms occupied by 50 unique patients (median [IQR] age, 61 [45-69] years; 26 men [52%]) with contact precautions were enrolled. Of these patients, 41 (82%) were actively receiving antibiotics, 39 (78%) were bedridden, and 28 (56%) had active infections with study-defined clinically important pathogens. On study day 1, the median (IQR) total CFUs for the intervention group was lower than that for the control group (3561 [1292-7602] CFUs vs 5219 [1540-12 364] CFUs; P = .002). On study day 1, the intervention side was less frequently contaminated with patient-associated clinically important pathogens compared with the control side of the room (4 [14%] vs 11 [39%]; P = .04).Conclusions and relevanceResults of this RCT demonstrated that a quaternary ammonium, salt-based, 24-hour continuously active germicidal wipe decreased the environmental bioburden in acute care hospital rooms compared with routine disinfection. The findings warrant large-scale RCTs to determine whether enhanced daily disinfection strategies can decrease patient acquisition and adverse patient outcomes.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05560321.
| S-EPMC9667331 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of occupational exposure to the new pandemic human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and are a source of nosocomial transmission in airborne infectious isolation rooms (AIIRs). Here, we performed comprehensive environmental contamination surveillance to evaluate the risk of viral transmission in AIIRs with 115 rooms in three buildings at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, during the treatment of 334 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in AIIRs was low (1.62%, 25/1544) due to the directional airflow and strong environmental hygiene procedures. However, we detected viral RNA on the surface of foot-operated openers and bathroom sinks in AIIRs (viral load: 55.00-3154.50 copies/mL). This might be a source of contamination to connecting corridors and object surfaces through the footwear and gloves used by HCWs. The risk of infection was eliminated by the use of disposable footwear covers and the application of more effective environmental and personal hygiene measures. With the help of effective infection control procedures, none of 290 HCWs was infected when working in the AIIRs at this hospital. This study has provided information pertinent for infection control in AIIRs during the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
| S-EPMC7521197 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Initial recommendations for surface disinfection to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission
| S-EPMC8491555 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We examined the microbial burden on hospital room environmental sites after standard (quaternary ammonium [Quat]) or enhanced disinfection (quat/ultraviolet light [UV-C], bleach, or bleach/UV-C). An enhanced terminal room disinfection reduced the microbial burden of epidemiologically important pathogens on high-touch surfaces in patient rooms, especially sites around the bed, better than standard room disinfection.
| S-EPMC7863860 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The virus is transmitted by inhalation of infectious particles suspended in the air, direct deposition on mucous membranes and indirect contact via contaminated surfaces. Disinfection methods that can halt such transmission are important in this pandemic and in future viral infections.AimTo highlight the efficacy of several disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2 based on up-to-date evidence found in the literature.MethodsTwo databases were searched to identify studies that assessed disinfection methods used against SARS-CoV-2. In total, 1229 studies were identified and 60 of these were included in this review. Quality assessment was evaluated by the Office of Health Assessment and Translation's risk-of-bias tool.FindingsTwenty-eight studies investigated disinfection methods on environmental surfaces, 16 studies investigated disinfection methods on biological surfaces, four studies investigated disinfection methods for airborne coronavirus, and 16 studies investigated methods used to recondition personal protective equipment (PPE).ConclusionsSeveral household and hospital disinfection agents and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation were effective for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces. Formulations containing povidone-iodine can provide virucidal action on the skin and mucous membranes. In the case of hand hygiene, typical soap bars and alcohols can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Air filtration systems incorporated with materials that possess catalytic properties, UV-C devices and heating systems can reduce airborne viral particles effectively. The decontamination of PPE can be conducted safely by heat and ozone treatment.
| S-EPMC8522489 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The household setting has some of the highest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) secondary-attack rates. We compared the air contamination in hospital rooms versus households of COVID-19 patients. Inpatient air samples were only positive at 0.3 m from patients. Household air samples were positive even without a COVID-19 patient in the proximity to the air sampler.
| S-EPMC8047394 | biostudies-literature