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Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-B subtypes in foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, and comparison of the performances of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.0 and the new automated version 1.5.

ABSTRACT: Plasma specimens collected in 1999 from 32 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, were examined for the presence of non-B subtypes. Furthermore, plasma viremia was quantified using two different AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR tests, version 1.0 and the new upgraded and automated version 1.5 (COBAS). Most patients came from Africa, where they most likely had acquired HIV-1 infection through sexual contact. HIV-1 genetic subtyping was based on the phylogenetic analysis of the protease gene. Twenty-two subtype B, six subtype G, two subtype C, one subtype A, and one D subtype infection were found. Overall, non-B subtypes represented 31.25% of the study population. Irrespective of the HIV-1 variant, viral load values above the detection limit (200 HIV RNA copies/ml) increased from 56.2 to 71.9% for results obtained using MONITOR version 1.0 and COBAS, respectively. Moreover, significant differences in viral load values (>0.5 logs) were recognized in up to 37.5% of samples. In summary, COBAS seemed to be more reliable for testing plasma viral load in HIV-infected immigrants living in Spain, one third of whom carried non-B subtypes.

SUBMITTER: Holguin A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC88037 | biostudies-literature | 2001 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-B subtypes in foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, and comparison of the performances of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.0 and the new automated version 1.5.

Holguín A A Aracil B B Alvarez A A Barros C C Soriano V V

Journal of clinical microbiology 20010501 5

Plasma specimens collected in 1999 from 32 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, were examined for the presence of non-B subtypes. Furthermore, plasma viremia was quantified using two different AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR tests, version 1.0 and the new upgraded and automated version 1.5 (COBAS). Most patients came from Africa, where they most likely had acquired HIV-1 infection through sexual contact. HIV-1 genetic subtyping was based on the phylogen ...[more]

PMID: 11326002

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Project description:BackgroundThe most-used protease-inhibitor in children is Lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), which provides durable suppression of viral load and increases CD4+T-counts. This study describes the virological outcome of the HIV-1-infected paediatric population exposed to LPV/r during 15 years in Spain.MethodologyPatients from the Madrid Cohort of HIV-1-infected-children and adolescents exposed to LPV/r as different line therapy during 2000-2014 were selected. The baseline epidemiological-clinical features, viral suppression, changes in CD4+T-CD8+T cell counts and drug susceptibility were recorded before and during LPV/r exposure. Drug resistance mutations (DRM) were identified in viruses from samples collected until 2011. We predicted drug susceptibility to 19 antiretrovirals among those carrying DRM using the Stanford's HIVdb Algorithm.ResultsA total of 199 (37.3%) of the 534 patients from the cohort were exposed to LPV/r during 2000-2014 in first (group 1), second (group 2) or more line-therapies (group 3). Patients were mainly Spaniards (81.9%), perinatally infected (96.5%) with subtype-B (65.3%) and HIV-diagnosed before year 2000 (67.8%). The mean age at first LPV/r exposure was 9.7 years. After protease-inhibitor exposure, viral suppression was higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3. Viral suppression occurred in 87.5%, 68.6% and 64.8% patients from groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among the 64 patients with available resistance data during LPV/r treatment, 27(42.3%) carried DRM to protease-inhibitor, 28 (58.3%) to reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors and 21 (43.7%) to non-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors. Darunavir/ritonavir, atazanavir-ritonavir and tipranavir/ritonavir presented the highest susceptibility and nelfinavir the lowest.ConclusionsA better lymphocyte recovering occurred when protease-inhibitor was taken as part of a first-line regimen and a higher number of patients reached viral suppression. The least compromised antiretrovirals for rescue antiretroviral regimens, according to DRM in the LPV/r-exposed-paediatric cohort, were mainly the new protease inhibitors.

Project description:PurposeAcanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a painful and potentially blinding corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba spp. In Madrid, environmental studies have demonstrated a high presence of these free-living amoebae in tap water. Since most of AK cases occur in contact lenses (CL) wearers with inadequate hygiene habits, the presence of Acanthamoeba in discarded CL has been studied and compared with other common etiological agents of keratitis, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.MethodsOne hundred and seventy-seven healthy individuals from Madrid contributed their discarded CL and answered a questionnaire on hygiene habits. DNA was extracted from the CL solution and analyzed by real-time PCR for Acanthamoeba, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. These CL and their solutions were also cultured on non-nutrient agar to isolate Acanthamoeba.ResultsAmong the 177 samples, Acanthamoeba DNA was detected in 87 (49.2%), P. aeruginosa DNA in 14 (7.9%) and S. aureus DNA in 19 (10.7%). Cultivable amoebae, however, were observed in only one sample (0.6%). This isolate was genotyped as T4. The habits reported by this CL owner included some recognized risk factors for AK, but in this study only the practice of "not cleaning the CL case" presented some statistical significant association with Acanthamoeba DNA presence. Detection of the investigated bacterial DNA did not demonstrate statistical significant association with the studied practices, but the presence of P. aeruginosa revealed a possible inhibition of Acanthamoeba in these samples.ConclusionsThe PCR results suggest a high presence of Acanthamoeba spp. in healthy CL wearers from Madrid, but we can assume that CL solutions are properly disinfecting the CL since only 1.1% of the positive PCR samples correspond to viable amoebae and, after four years, only one participant reported stronger ocular problems. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary to corroborate this hypothesis.

Dataset Information

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-B subtypes in foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, and comparison of the performances of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.0 and the new automated version 1.5.

Publications

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-B subtypes in foreigners living in Madrid, Spain, and comparison of the performances of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.0 and the new automated version 1.5.

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