Kinematic characteristics during gait in frail older women identified by principal component analysis
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tsuchida W
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8803892 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundSeveral studies have reported the association between gait and global cognitive function; however, there is no study explaining the age-specific gait characteristics of older women and association between those characteristics and global cognitive function by age-specific differences and gait speed modification. The aim of this study was to examine age-specific differences in gait characteristics and global cognitive function in older women as well as identify gait domains strongly associated with global cognitive function in older women based on gait speed modification.MethodsOne hundred sixty-four female participants aged 65-85 years were examined. Participants were assessed for global cognitive function through the mini-mental state examination. They also performed three trials of the overground walking test along a straight 20 m walkway. Inertial measurement unit sensors with shoe-type data loggers on both the left and right outsoles were used to measure gait characteristics.ResultsThe pace at all speeds and the variability and phase at faster speeds were altered in women aged >75 years (all pace domain parameters, p < 0.05); variability and phase highly depended on age (all p < 0.05). Variability at slower speeds (β = -0.568 and p = 0.006) and the phase at the preferred (β = -0.471 and p = 0.005) and faster speeds (β = -0.494 and p = 0.005) were associated with global cognitive function in women aged >75 years.DiscussionThe variability and phase domains at faster speeds were considered to identify gait changes that accompany aging. In addition, the decreases in global cognitive function are associated with increased variability and phase domains caused by changes in gait speed in older women.ConclusionOur results are considered useful for understanding age-related gait characteristics with global cognitive function in old women.
| S-EPMC7081786 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abstract Strategies to reduce gait slowing in frail older adults are urgently needed. Higher dopaminergic (DA) signaling is emerging as a protecting factor against age-related gait slowing, in the absence of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). DA signaling is potentially modifiable, thereby offering promising novel strategies to reduce gait slowing. In 3,752 PD-free participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study (72.3 years, 81% white, 39% male), we measured gait speed (usual pace, 15 feet), frailty (Fried definition), and genetic polymorphism of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, rs4680), an enzyme regulating tonic brain DA levels. Multivariable linear regression models of COMT predicting gait speed were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, ankle-arm index, vision, and arthritis. Strength, education, medications, pulmonary, cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases, diabetes, mood, and cognition were considered as additional covariates. We examined the full cohort and the subgroup with frailty (n=222), without and with race-stratification to address racial differences in allele frequencies. Average (SE) gait speed was 0.88 (0.003) and 0.58 (0.01) m/sec in the full cohort and the frail subgroup, respectively. COMT was linearly associated with gait speed; gait was faster for met/met (higher DA signaling) and slower for val/val (lower DA signaling) participants. In adjusted models, differences between these two groups were: 0.02 (0.01) m/sec in the full cohort (p=0.4); 0.07(0.02) m/sec in the frail subgroup (p=0.02); 0.10 (0.02) m/sec in white with frailty (p=0.01). COMT genotyping may help identify frail adults who are less vulnerable to gait impairments. Studies of frailty should examine whether higher DA signaling offers resilience against age-related gait slowing.
| S-EPMC6845954 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOlder adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have slower gait speed and poor gait performance under dual-task conditions. However, gait kinematic and kinetic characteristics in older adults with MCI or subjective cognitive decline (SCD) remain unknown. This study was designed to explore the difference in gait kinematics and kinetics during level walking among older people with MCI, SCD, and normal cognition (NC).MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 181 participants from July to December 2019; only 82 met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate and only 79 completed gait analysis. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained using three-dimensional motion capture system during level walking, and joint movements of the lower limbs in the sagittal plane were analyzed by Visual 3D software. Differences in gait kinematics and kinetics among the groups were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, the significance level was p < 0.002 for MANCOVA and p < 0.0008 for post-hoc analysis.ResultsTwenty-two participants were MCI [mean ± standard deviation (SD) age, 71.23 ± 6.65 years], 33 were SCD (age, 72.73 ± 5.25 years), and 24 were NC (age, 71.96 ± 5.30 years). MANCOVA adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), gait speed, years of education, diabetes mellitus, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) revealed a significant multivariate effect of group in knee peak extension angle (F = 8.77, p < 0.0001) and knee heel strike angle (F = 8.07, p = 0.001) on the right side. Post-hoc comparisons with Bonferroni correction showed a significant increase of 5.91° in knee peak extension angle (p < 0.0001) and a noticeable decrease of 6.21°in knee heel strike angle (p = 0.001) in MCI compared with NC on the right side. However, no significant intergroup difference was found in gait kinetics, including dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, knee flexion, knee extension, hip flexion, and hip extension(p > 0.002).ConclusionAn increase of right knee peak extension angle and a decrease of right knee heel strike angle during level walking were found among older adults with MCI compared to those with NC.
| S-EPMC8368728 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this study is to describe the kinematic gait characteristics of straight line walk in clinically sound dairy cows using body mounted Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) at multiple anatomical locations. The temporal parameters used are speed and non-speed normalized stance duration, bipedal and tripedal support durations, maximal protraction and retraction angles of the distal limbs and vertical displacement curves of the upper body. Gait analysis was performed by letting 17 dairy cows walk in a straight line at their own chosen pace while equipped with IMU sensors on tubera sacrale, left and right tuber coxae (LTC and RTC), back, withers, head, neck and all four lower limbs. Data intervals with stride by stride regularity were selected based on video data. For temporal parameters, the median was calculated and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated based on linear mixed model (LMM) analysis, while for limb and vertical displacement curves, the median and most typical curves were calculated. The temporal parameters and distal limb angles showed consistent results with low variance and LMM analysis showed non-overlapping CI for all temporal parameters. The distal limb angle curves showed a larger and steeper retraction angle range for the distal front limbs compared with the hind limbs. The vertical displacement curves of the sacrum, withers, LTC and RTC showed a consistent sinusoidal pattern while the head, back and collar curves were less consistent and showed more variation between and within cows. This kinematic description might allow to objectively differentiate between normal and lame gait in the future and determine the best anatomical location for sensor attachment for lameness detection purposes.
| S-EPMC8294546 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are significantly affected by age and may represent restrictions on functional independence. Previous studies in young adults have already highlighted that changing postural stability (i.e., seated vs. upright posture) affects the motor planning and APAs. In frail older adults (FOAs), the effect of these different conditions of postural stability have not yet been established, and the present study aimed to disentangle this issue. Methods: Participants executed an arm-pointing task to reach a diode immediately after it turned on, under different conditions of stability (seated with and without foot support and in an upright posture). A kinematic profile of the index finger and postural electromyographic data were registered in their dominant-side leg muscles: tibialis anterior, soleus, rectus femoris, and semitendinosus. Results: The main finding of this study was that the adopted posture and body stabilization in FOAs did not reflect differences in APAs or kinematic features. In addition, they did not present an optimal APA, since postural muscles are recruited simultaneously with the deltoid. Conclusion: Thus, FOAs seem to use a single non-optimal motor plan to assist with task performance and counterbalance perturbation forces in which they present similar APAs and do not modify their kinematics features under different equilibrium constraints.
| S-EPMC8394640 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Protein thermostability has received growing attention in recent years. Little is known about the determinants of thermal resistance in individual protein families. However, it is known that the mechanism is family-dependent and not identical for all proteins. We present a multivariate statistical analysis to find the determinants of thermostability in one protein family, the serine hydroxymethyltransferase family. Based on principal component analysis, we identified three amino acid fragments as the potential determinants of thermostability. The correlation coefficients between all the putative fragments and the protein thermostability were significant according to multivariable linear regression. Within the fragments, four critical amino acid positions were identified, and they indicated the contributions of Leu, Val, Lys, Asp, Glu, and Phe to thermostability. Moreover, we analyzed the insertions/deletions of amino acids in the sequence, which showed that thermophilic SHMTs tend to insert or delete residues in the C-terminal domain rather than the N-terminal domain. Our study provided a promising approach to perform a preliminary search for the determinants of thermophilic proteins. It could be extended to other protein families to explore their own strategies for adapting to high temperature.
| S-EPMC5396068 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During pregnancy, an array of changes occurs in women body to enable the growth and development of the future baby and the consequent delivery. These changes are reflected in the range of motion of trunk, pelvis, lower limbs and other body segments, affect the locomotion and some of these changes may persist to the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to describe the changes affecting the gait during pregnancy and to determine the effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait characteristics during pregnancy as previous studies indicate that special orthopaedic insoles and footwear might be useful in prevention of the common musculoskeletal pain and discomfort related to pregnancy. Participants from the control group (n = 18), without any intervention, and the experimental group (n = 23), which was wearing the tested shoes, were measured at their 14, 28 and 37 gestational weeks and 28 weeks postpartum to capture the complete pregnancy-related changes in gait. The gait 3D kinematic data were obtained using Simi Motion System. The differences between the control and experimental group at the first data collection session in most of the analysed variables, as well as relatively high standard deviations of analysed variables indicate large individual differences in the gait pattern. The effect of tested footwear on kinematic gait pattern changes may be explained by its preventive effect against the foot arches falling. In the control group, changes associated previously with the foot arches falling and hindfoot hyperpronation were observed during advanced phases of pregnancy and postpartum, e.g. increase in knee flexion or increase in spinal curvature. For the comprehensive evaluation of the tested footwear on pregnancy gait pattern, future studies combining the kinematic and dynamic plantographic methods are needed.
| S-EPMC7217473 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Optimizing rehabilitation strategies requires understanding the effects of contextual cues on adaptation learning. Prior studies have examined these effects on the specificity of split-belt walking adaptation, showing that contextual visual cues can be manipulated to modulate the magnitude, transfer, and washout of split-belt-induced learning in humans. Specifically, manipulating the availability of vision during training or testing phases of learning resulted in differences in adaptive mechanisms for temporal and spatial features of walking. However, multi-trial locomotor training has been rarely explored when using visual kinematic gait perturbations. In this study, we investigated multi-trial locomotor adaptation in ten healthy individuals while applying visual kinematic perturbations. Subjects were instructed to control a moving cursor, which represented the position of their heel, to follow a prescribed heel path profile displayed on a monitor. The perturbations were introduced by scaling all of the lower limb joint angles by a factor of 0.7 (i.e., a gain change), resulting in visual feedback errors between subjects' heel trajectories and the prescribed path profiles. Our findings suggest that, with practice, the subjects learned, albeit with different strategies, to reduce the tracking errors and showed faster response time in later trials. Moreover, the gait symmetry indices, in both the spatial and temporal domains, changed significantly during gait adaptation (P < 0.001). After-effects were present in the temporal gait symmetry index whens the visual perturbations were removed in the post-exposure period (P < 0.001), suggesting adaptation learning. These findings may have implications for developing novel gait rehabilitation interventions.
| S-EPMC5476704 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although principal component analysis is frequently used in multivariate/ analysis, it has disadvantages when applied to experimental or diagnostic data. First, the identified principal components have poor generality; since the size and directions of the components are dependent on the particular data set, the components are valid only within the set. Second, the method is sensitive to experimental noise and bias between sample groups, since it cannot reflect the design of experiments; rather, it estimates the same weight and independence of all the samples in the matrix. Third, the resulting components are often difficult to interpret. To address these issues, several options were introduced to the methodology. The resulting components were scaled to unify their size unit. Also, the principal axes were identified using training data sets and shared among experiments. This training data reflects the design of experiments, and its preparation allows noise to be reduced and group bias to be removed. The effects of these options were observed in microarray experiments, and showed an improvement in the separation of groups and robustness to noise. Additionally, unknown samples were appropriately classified using pre-arranged axes, and principal axes well reflected the characteristics of groups in the experiments. This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
2011-08-15 | GSE31375 | GEO
Project description:People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) demonstrate gait impairments that are related to falls. However, redundancy exists when reporting gait outcomes. This study aimed to develop an MS-specific model of gait and examine differences between fallers and non-fallers. 122 people with relapsing-remitting MS and 45 controls performed 3 timed up-and-go trials wearing inertial sensors. 21 gait parameters were entered into a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA-derived gait domains were compared between MS fallers (MS-F) and MS non-fallers (MS-NF) and correlated to cognitive, clinical, and quality-of-life outcomes. Six distinct gait domains were identified: pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, anterior-posterior dynamic stability, and medial-lateral dynamic stability, explaining 79.15% of gait variance. PwMS exhibited a slower pace, larger variability, and increased medial-lateral trunk motion compared to controls (p < 0.05). The pace and asymmetry domains were significantly worse (i.e., slower and asymmetrical) in MS-F than MS-NF (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). Fear of falling, cognitive performance, and functional mobility were associated with a slower gait (p < 0.05). This study identified a six-component, MS-specific gait model, demonstrating that PwMS, particularly fallers, exhibit deficits in pace and asymmetry. Findings may help reduce redundancy when reporting gait outcomes and inform interventions targeting specific gait domains.
| S-EPMC8211858 | biostudies-literature