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Case Report: Evolution of Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Two COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections After BNT162b2 Vaccine.


ABSTRACT:

Background

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections after complete vaccination are increasing whereas their determinants remain uncharacterized.

Methods

We analyzed two cases of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections by α and β variants, respectively. For each participant both humoral (binding and neutralizing antibodies) and cellular (activation markers and cytokine expression) immune responses were characterized longitudinally.

Results

The first participant (P1) was infected by an α variant and displayed an extended and short period of viral excretion and symptom. Analysis of cellular and humoral response 72 h post-symptom onset revealed that P1 failed at developing neutralizing antibodies and a potent CD4 memory response (lack of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+IL-2+ cells) and CD8 effector response (CD8+IFNγ+ cells). The second participant (P2) developed post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection by a β variant, associated with a short period of viral excretion and symptoms. Despite displaying initially high levels and polyfunctional T cell responses, P2 lacked initial β-directed neutralizing antibodies. Both participants developed and/or increased their neutralization activity and cellular responses against all variants, namely, β and δ variants that lasts up to 3 months after breakthrough infection.

Conclusions

An analysis of cellular and humoral response suggests two possible mechanisms of breakthrough infection: a poor immune response to vaccine and viral evasion to neutralizing antibodies.

SUBMITTER: Gallais F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8905643 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Case Report: Evolution of Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Two COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections After BNT162b2 Vaccine.

Gallais Floriane F   Gantner Pierre P   Planas Delphine D   Solis Morgane M   Bruel Timothée T   Pierre Florian F   Soulier Eric E   Rossolillo Paola P   Fourati Slim S   Sibilia Jean J   Schwartz Olivier O   Fafi-Kremer Samira S  

Frontiers in immunology 20220223


<h4>Background</h4>SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections after complete vaccination are increasing whereas their determinants remain uncharacterized.<h4>Methods</h4>We analyzed two cases of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections by α and β variants, respectively. For each participant both humoral (binding and neutralizing antibodies) and cellular (activation markers and cytokine expression) immune responses were characterized longitudinally.<h4>Results</h4>The first participant (P1) was infected by  ...[more]

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