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Associations Between Anxiety and Home Learning Difficulties in Children and Adolescents with ADHD During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has markedly impacted functioning for children and adolescents including those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We explored home learning difficulties (HLD) during COVID-19 restrictions in Australian children (aged 5-17) with ADHD, aiming to: (1) describe home learning experiences, and (2) examine associations between child anxiety (i.e., concurrent anxiety symptoms and pre-existing anxiety disorder status) and HLD. Baseline data from the longitudinal ADHD COVID-19 Survey were used (n = 122). Parents reported on school factors and HLD; pre-existing anxiety and co-occurring difficulties; anxiety, ADHD, and oppositional symptoms; demographics; and medications. Parents retrospectively reported more children often looked forward to school pre-pandemic, than during the pandemic. Anxiety symptoms, but not pre-existing anxiety disorder status, were associated with HLD after accounting for covariates. ADHD inattention symptoms were also associated with HLD. Results support recommendations to continue pre-pandemic supports to assist with ADHD symptoms during home learning, and strategies/supports for families are discussed.

SUBMITTER: Jackson A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8922068 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Trajectories of depression and anxiety during COVID-19 associations with religion, income, and economic difficulties.

Project description:ObjectiveThe current study examined trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms at three-time points during the COVID-19 pandemic and examined correlates of those trajectories.DesignData were collected at three time points during the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsThe sample in the current study consisted of 804 respondents who had completed the online questionnaire at all three time points designed for the study.ResultsUsing Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) we identified four trajectories: (a) A resilient group reported consistently low levels of symptoms (62% anxiety and 72% depression), (b) a chronic group reported consistently high levels of symptoms (12% anxiety and 14% depression), (c) an emerging group reported low initial symptoms that increased steadily across time (20% anxiety and 13% depression), and (d) an improving group reported high initial symptoms that decreased across time (6% anxiety and 3% depression).ConclusionsThe salient conclusion that emerged from these results is that even in a severe and prolonged crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the most common outcome in the population is that of resilience. Moreover, examining predictors of these trajectories, we found that the resilience trajectory was associated with fewer economic difficulties due to the COVID-19, greater income, and self-identification as religious.

| S-EPMC8595304 | biostudies-literature

Physical Health, Media Use, and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents With ADHD During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia.

Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsParents of 213 Australian children (5-17 years) with ADHD completed a survey in May 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions were in place (i.e., requiring citizens to stay at home except for essential reasons).ResultsCompared to pre-pandemic, children had less exercise (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.4; 95% CI 0.3-0.6), less outdoor time (OR = 0.4; 95% 0.3-0.6), and less enjoyment in activities (OR = 6.5; 95% CI 4.0-10.4), while television (OR = 4.0; 95% CI 2.5-6.5), social media (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.3-4.5), gaming (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.3-3.0), sad/depressed mood (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.2-2.8), and loneliness (OR = 3.6; 95% CI 2.3-5.5) were increased. Child stress about COVID-19 restrictions was associated with poorer functioning across most domains. Most parents (64%) reported positive changes for their child including more family time.ConclusionsCOVID-19 restrictions were associated with both negative and positive impacts among children with ADHD.

| S-EPMC8785303 | biostudies-literature

Emotion regulation difficulties and interpersonal problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: predicting anxiety and depression.

Project description: Not available

| S-EPMC8144821 | biostudies-literature

Social difficulties in youth with autism with and without anxiety and ADHD symptoms.

Project description:Social difficulties inherent to autism spectrum disorder are often linked with co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study sought to examine the relation between such co-occurring symptoms and social challenges. Parents of adolescents with autism (N = 113) reported upon social challenges via the social responsiveness scale (SRS) and anxiety and ADHD symptomatology via the Child Behavior Checklist. Results revealed differences in SRS scores across co-occurring symptom subgroups (Anxiety, ADHD, Both, Neither)-namely, adolescents with autism and anxiety as well as those with autism, anxiety, and ADHD showed greater scores on the SRS than the other groups. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed and recommendations are offered. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1679-1689. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are related to greater social challenges for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The present study found that autism with anxiety and autism with anxiety and ADHD, was related to greater social difficulties than autism alone. Findings provide further support for the intertwined nature of anxiety and ADHD symptoms in autism. What this may mean for research and clinical practice is considered and recommendations are suggested.

| S-EPMC6311999 | biostudies-literature

Associations between serum homocysteine levels and anxiety and depression among children and adolescents in Taiwan.

Project description:Although evidence suggests that homocysteine levels are elevated in severe mental illness in children, findings regarding homocysteine levels in youth with anxiety and depression are scarce. Therefore, this study examined the association of homocysteine levels with anxiety and depression in a community sample of students aged 6-13 years. In total, 649 students were selected from the first, fourth, and seventh grades of schools in Taipei, Taiwan, in 2010. These students completed a hospital-based health examination, which included physical examination, blood sample collection, and questionnaire administration. The data were analysed through multiple linear regression. Among the seventh-grade boys, both depression (adjusted β = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.004-0.084) and anxiety (adjusted β = 0.052, 95% CI = 0.013-0.091) were independently associated with increased homocysteine levels. In further dichotomisation, compared with students with low anxiety levels, those with moderate to high anxiety levels were significantly positively associated with elevated serum homocysteine levels (adjusted β = 0.091, 95% CI = 0.003-0.180). Our results suggest that increased depression and anxiety may be positively associated with higher serum homocysteine levels in older boys. Our results provide essential data on the biological aspects underlying anxiety and depression in the studied population.

| S-EPMC5566365 | biostudies-other

Supporting Parents of Children with ADHD During COVID-19 School Closures: A Multiple-Baseline Trial of Behavioral Parent Training for Home Learning.

Project description:During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools rapidly changed from in-class instruction to remote learning. Parent involvement and management of the home learning situation was greatly emphasized, and this presented challenges and opportunities for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was an urgent need for effective parent support in the home learning situation, particularly for parents of youth with ADHD. The current study implemented a behavioral parent training (BPT) program, an evidence-based intervention for childhood ADHD, modified to target home learning and be delivered via telehealth. The intervention was evaluated in a multiple baseline trial across families of youth with ADHD (n = 3). The primary outcome was daily, parent-reported academic engagement during home learning. Parents also completed daily ratings of their child's respectful and disruptive behavior, and remote, home observations of academic tasks were recorded at baseline and post-treatment. Based on visual analysis of baseline, treatment and post-treatment daily ratings, two of the three participants had a positive response to treatment indicated by improved academic engagement. These findings provide preliminary support for the home-learning, telehealth-delivered BPT program in supporting families during the COVID pandemic.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12310-023-09569-y.

| S-EPMC9899333 | biostudies-literature

Obesity in Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Project description:The COVID-19 pandemic has led to special circumstances and changes to everyday life due to the worldwide measures that were imposed such as lockdowns. This review aims to evaluate obesity in children, adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was conducted to evaluate pertinent studies up to 10 November 2020. A total of 15 articles were eligible; 9 identified 17,028,111 children, adolescents and young adults from 5-25 years old, 5 pertained to studies with an age admixture (n = 20,521) and one study included parents with children 5-18 years old (n = 584). During the COVID-19 era, children, adolescents and young adults gained weight. Changes in dietary behaviors, increased food intake and unhealthy food choices including potatoes, meat and sugary drinks were noted during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Food insecurity associated with financial reasons represents another concern. Moreover, as the restrictions imposed reduced movements out of the house, physical activity was limited, representing another risk factor for weight gain. COVID-19 restrictions disrupted the everyday routine of children, adolescents and young adults and elicited changes in their eating behaviors and physical activity. To protect them, health care providers should highlight the risk of obesity and provide prevention strategies, ensuring also parental participation. Worldwide policies, guidelines and precautionary measures should ideally be established.

| S-EPMC7918914 | biostudies-literature

ADHD, learning difficulties and sleep disturbances associated with KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes.

Project description:OBJECTIVES:Mutations in KCNJ11 are the most common cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). Approximately 25% of patients have obvious neurological dysfunction, but whether milder related problems might be more common has been unclear. We sought to assess the prevalence of parental concerns about learning, behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social competency, and sleep in subjects with KCNJ11-related NDM compared to unaffected sibling controls. STUDY DESIGN:Subjects or their guardians in the University of Chicago Monogenic Diabetes Registry completed a survey examining learning, behavior, ADHD and sleep. Thirty subjects with KCNJ11 -related NDM and 25 unaffected sibling controls were assessed. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6. Nonparametric analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test for group comparisons. RESULTS:Thirteen (43%) individuals with KCNJ11 -related NDM had treatment for or a diagnosis of ADHD compared to two (8%) of the sibling controls (P < 0.05). Compared to their sibling controls, individuals with KCNJ11 mutations had significant differences in behavior difficulties, social awareness, academic achievement and the need for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). As seen in other neurodevelopmental disorders, individuals with KCNJ11 mutations also had significantly higher rates of sleep difficulties (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:Patients with KCNJ11 -related NDM are at an increased risk for delays in learning, social-emotional and behavioral development, ADHD and sleep difficulties based on parent report. Early identification, along with integrated medical and developmental support, may promote better neurodevelopmental outcomes for this unique population. Further investigation utilizing detailed neuropsychological testing will better define the neurodevelopmental consequences of KATP mutations.

| S-EPMC5720354 | biostudies-literature

Parental Home Vision Testing of Children During Covid-19 Pandemic.

Project description:BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic necessitated social distancing restrictions, which placed limitations on access to ophthalmic care to only those who had an imminent risk of sight loss. All other face-to-face consultations were converted to telephone consultations or were postponed. We investigated whether parents were able to test their child's vision using available home vision testing applications, with an aim to aid decision making during a telephone consultation.MethodsFamilies with follow-up consultations at Birmingham Children's Hospital were asked to test their child's vision at home. Instructions for the use of Peek acuity, or iSight Pro, were emailed to a parent. Parents chose to use a particular app based on available devices at home. Parents were asked to test uniocular visual acuity twice. Home versus hospital acuity was correlated. Home acuity test-retest reliability was acquired. Parental feedback was obtained through questionnaires.ResultsOne hundred and three families were contacted, 15 families completed home vision testing. Ten families used Peek acuity, five families used iSight Pro. Uniocular visual acuity test-retest reliability was 0.03 LogMAR. Home-hospital acuity testing had a bias of 0.14 LogMAR, hospital acuity yielding a lower LogMAR score. Most families who completed testing found it easy to do; however, some struggled, and 81 families did not undertake home vision testing.ConclusionsUptake of home vision testing was limited by parental engagement, most likely influenced by the current pandemic. Most families who undertook home vision testing were able to generate results that could be used for clinical decision making. Extending the impact of parental vision testing will require education by clinicians and further study to increase sample sizes and to improve confidence.

| S-EPMC8269789 | biostudies-literature

How Children and Adolescents Perceive Their Coping With Home Learning in Times of COVID-19: A Mixed Method Approach.

Project description:With the COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents confronted a completely new learning situation. Instead of learning in class, they had to cope with home learning to achieve academically. This mixed-method study examines how children and adolescents in Germany perceive their coping success with home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and how personal, school, family, and peer context factors relate to this self-perceived coping success. Quantitative data from an online survey of n=141 children (mage =10,8y) and n=266 adolescents (mage =15,2y; study 1) were used to analyze the questions with multiple regression analysis. With the qualitative data from 10 interviews with parents and their children (study 2), we examined the process of how school, family, and peer groups interact with students' way of coping with home learning. Quantitative data show that most children and adolescents perceived their coping with home learning as successful and that school joy before COVID-19, parental support, and available equipment during home learning are still relevant for children, and family climate, calm place to learn, and equipment during home learning are important for adolescents learning at home. Qualitative data show that students apply individual ways of coping with home learning, where family and peers have a vital role, especially when contact with teachers is limited. Quantitative data confirm the importance of family context for students' self-perceived coping success.

| S-EPMC8669505 | biostudies-literature

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