Spectroscopic methods for assessment of hand sanitizers.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: Supplementary information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02208-x.
SUBMITTER: Banik S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9035981 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased dramatically the demand for hand sanitizers. A major concern is methanol adulteration that caused more than 700 fatalities in Iran and U.S.A. (since February 2020). In response, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has restricted the methanol content in sanitizers to 0.063 vol% and blacklisted 212 products (as of November 20, 2020). Here, we present a low-cost, handheld, and smartphone-assisted device that detects methanol selectively in sanitizers between 0.01 and 100 vol% within two minutes. It features a nanoporous polymer column that separates methanol selectively from confounders by adsorption. A chemoresistive gas sensor detects the methanol. When tested on commercial sanitizers (total 76 samples), methanol was quantified in excellent (R2 = 0.99) agreement to "gold standard" gas chromatography. Importantly, methanol quantification was hardly interfered by sanitizer composition and viscosity. This device meets an urgent need for on-site methanol screening by authorities, health professionals, and even laymen.
| S-EPMC7840468 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use and manufacture of alcohol-based hand sanitizers increased exponentially. Efficacy of hand sanitizers mainly depends on active ingredients like ethanol and isopropanol (IPA). Even though methanol is extremely hazardous to people, it is still illegally used in hand sanitizers in Bangladesh. Developing a quick and simple analytical method for detecting and quantifying ethanol/IPA/methanol is crucial. Here, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way. Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results. Unlike previous studies by FTIR, C-H, CH3-C-CH3 stretching, and C-H bending vibrational modes were employed to construct analytical calibration curves to detect and quantify alcohol in hand sanitizers. According to FTIR and GC findings, ethanol and IPA content were found to be 43-82% and 40-69%, and 56-64% and 61-66%, respectively, whereas ethanol was labeled at 66-80% and IPA at 65-70%. FTIR and GC revealed methanol content ranging from 37 to 98 and 19 to 81%, respectively. Also, the FTIR was significantly faster than the GC. Therefore, FTIR can be used to commercially analyze the quality of hand sanitizers.•FTIR was used to identify and quantify alcohol content in commercially available hand sanitizers in a quick and easy way.•Comparing the FTIR and GC data, provided quite similar results.•Out of ten samples, five contained ethanol, three IPA, and two methanol.
| S-EPMC10362314 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19), the World Health Organization has recommended that, in absence of soap and water, alcohol-based hand sanitizer can be used to prevent the transmission of coronaviruses. Unfortunately, many media and anecdotal reports indicate that many alcohol-based hand sanitizers sold in South Africa are substandard and some contain potentially toxic ingredients. The study aimed to identify hand sanitizers used in the Johannesburg area during the CoViD-19 pandemic that do not contain the recommended alcohol concentration of at least 70% propanol or 60% ethanol, and contain traces of toxic ingredients. Hand sanitizers randomly collected from various traders around Johannesburg were analyzed using Agilent auto sampler coupled to a gas chromatograph utilizing flame ionisation detection. Of the 94 hand sanitizer samples collected, three preparations contained no alcohol, whereas the rest contained either ethanol, 2-propanol or 1-propanol or a combination of two alcohols. Of the alcohol-containing hand sanitizers, 37 (41%) contained less than 60% alcohol. Ethyl acetate, isobutanol and other non-recommended alcohols (methanol and 3-methyl-butanol) were also identified. Consumers are therefore warned that among the many brands of hand sanitizers found around Johannesburg, there are some substandard preparations and some that contain traces of toxic ingredients.
| S-EPMC8908948 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) containing ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to inactivate microorganisms help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. These products have become very popular during the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from vaccines or other preventative antiseptic measures, the majority of consumers have relied on different types of ABHSs to disinfect their hands. As a result, there has been a global rush in the demand for these ABHSs and other antiseptic hygiene products. This has resulted in the formation of many new commercial sanitizer producers. There are around fifty companies of varying sizes that have been marketing their ABHSs in Bangladesh, most of which have only been manufacturing their products for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. To monitor the quality and components of these products, the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) analyzed approximately 200 different hand sanitizer samples using GC-FID method. All samples were alcohol-based except for 3 which were alcohol-free aqueous hand sanitizers. Of the supplied formulated ABHSs, 80 samples were found to contain only IPA and 54 contained only EtOH. However, 28 samples were found to be contaminated with methanol (MeOH), 7 samples contained only MeOH and 18 samples contained both EtOH and IPA. This is the first study to explore the analysis of alcohol content in formulated ABHSs and their marketing status in Bangladesh, but the findings could be of use in other jurisdictions as similar issues have been raised in many parts of the world.
| S-EPMC9877727 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The COVID-19 pandemic created an increased demand for hygiene supplies such as hand sanitizers. In response, a large number of new domestic or imported hand sanitizer products entered the US market. Some of these products were later found to be out of specification. Here, to quickly assess the quality of the hand sanitizer products, a quantitative, through-container screening method was developed for rapid and non-destructive screening. Using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and support vector regression (SVR), active ingredients (e.g., type of alcohol) of 173 commercial and in-house products were identified and quantified regardless of the container material or opacity. Alcohol content in hand sanitizer formulations were predicted with high accuracy By combining spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) with chemometrics, the authors demonstrate rapid, through-container analysis of commercial hand sanitizers. Both ethanol/isopropanol and contaminant alcohols are quantified regardless of container material or opacity.
| S-EPMC9814617 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFollowing the emergence of the global Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) have been extensively used as one of the effective methods of preventing its transmission. The products are dispensed over the counter and used by the general population. Growing concerns have been reported, however, regarding the quality, efficacy and compliance to regulatory requirements calling for objective evidence that can facilitate proactive regulatory measures.ObjectivesThe study aimed at assessing the level of compliance to packaging and labeling regulatory requirements of selected locally manufactured ABHS products marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was employed to randomly collect 25 locally manufactured ABHS products from retail outlets located in Addis Ababa. The manufacturers were grouped under four categories considering their experience in manufacturing, resources and technical capacities. The collected samples were evaluated for compliance to packaging and labeling information regulatory requirements and the results subjected to descriptive analysis.ResultsMajority of the products were found to meet most of the packaging, general product description and manufacturer-related information requirements. However, concerning gaps were observed in storage, precaution and warning-related labeling information requirements. The overall compliance of the selected products (to a total of 29 requirements under 5 categories) was 56.9%. The highest level of compliance was for general product information requirements (80.2%) followed by packaging and manufacturer-related requirements accounting for 76.8% and 75.0%, respectively. Low level of compliance was observed for storage condition and precautions (10.2% and 42.4%, respectively). Better overall compliance to packaging and labeling requirements (62.9%) were observed by large pharmaceutical and cosmetics manufacturers, while the lowest compliance level was recorded for medium level pharmaceuticals and cosmetics manufacturers.ConclusionsEven though most of the selected products were able to comply with the majority of packaging, product description and manufacturer-related requirements, gaps were observed in essential labeling information requirements. Considering the extensive use of ABHS products among diverse population groups and the potential risks associated with inappropriate use of the products, improving regulatory law enforcement practices, strengthening continuing education of manufacturing personnel and raising public awareness is very timely.
| S-EPMC9550303 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based on a low-cost portable instrument for monitoring the quality of the three major formulations of ethanol-based hand sanitizers used for prevention against CoVID-19 disease is described. The quality of the sanitizers was evaluated using two approaches. In the first, a qualitative method was developed to identify gross non-conformities, using NIR spectral data compression by principal components analysis and projection of the spectrum of the tested sample in the principal component space delimited by samples of sanitizers prepared in the laboratory. In the second, a quantitative method was designed to determine the active substance (ethanol) employing multivariate regression based on partial least squares. The results demonstrate that the first approach can be used to detect non-conformities in the sanitizer composition, mostly associated with incorrect ethanol content. The second explores the use of NIRS for determination of the ethanol content in the three formulations aiming the quality control of the sanitizer manufacturing process. The ethanol content can be determined with an absolute root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to 0.68% (m/m), 0.83% (m/m) and 1.0% (v/v) for the three formulations evaluated. The RMSEP was estimated as 1.3% (m/m) for the commercial products. The measurement protocol takes approximately 1 min and requires only about 120 µL of a sample. Besides, NIRS was employed to compare the rate of volatilization of the ethanol in the different formulations, an important parameter concerning the efficacy of ethanol-based sanitizers.
| S-EPMC7430279 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Till date no medication or vaccine is available to cope with the COVID-19 infection and infection rate is increasing drastically across the globe. Only preventive measures and healthy life style with efficient immune system have been suggested by WHO to fight and stay safe from COVID-19. WHO recommended alcohol based hand sanitizers for frequent hand hygiene, which are mainly made up from ethanol, isopropyl alcohols, hydrogen peroxides in different combinations. These preparations may become toxic to human health and environment when misused. These chemicals have known toxic and hazardous impact on environment when released by evaporation. In early five months of 2020, American Association of Poison Control Center reported 9504 alcoholic hand sanitizer exposure cases in children under the age of 12 years and recognized that even a small amount of alcohol can cause alcohol poisoning in children that is responsible for confusion, vomiting and drowsiness, and in severe cases, respiratory arrest and death. Furthermore, frequent usage of said hand sanitizers has reported increased chance of antimicrobial resistance and chance of other viral diseases. Current review is designed with main objective to highlight the toxic and serious health risks to human health and environment by frequent using hand hygiene products with alcohols based formulations.
| S-EPMC7320712 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHand hygiene is critical to lower the potential for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents by direct contact. When running water and soap are not available for hand hygiene, ethanol-based hand sanitizers are currently the recommended standard of care [1-3]. Though recently published data showed comparable in vitro effectiveness of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-based and ethanol-based hand sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 virus, a paucity of peer-reviewed data on the effectiveness of these formulations against other types of infective coronaviruses remains. This work assessed human coronavirus HCoV-229E (genus Alphacoronavirus) concurrently with SARS-CoV-2, Isolate USA-WA1/2020 (genus Betacoronavirus) to fill this gap.MethodsThe test was conducted according to EN14476:2013-A2:2019 [EN14476] Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Virucidal Activity in the Medical Area [4]. Two BAK-based hand sanitizers, five ethanol-based hand sanitizers, and an 80% ethanol reference formulation were tested for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E at 15- and 30- second contact times.ResultsBoth SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E were reduced by greater than 4.00-log10 within 15 seconds of contact. Virus decay constants (k) following first-order kinetics were similar for BAK and ethanol-based formulations against both test viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 results reported herein mirrored previous data reported by Herdt et al. (2021).ConclusionBAK and ethanol hand sanitizer formulations inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E at similar rates. This data supports previously published effectiveness data for both chemistries and indicates that additional coronavirus strains and variants would demonstrate similar inactivation trends.
| S-EPMC10266983 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In the current COVID-19 pandemic, wearing masks and hand disinfection are widely adopted hygiene practices. Alcohol-based sanitizers are commonly used for hand disinfection, however, the alcohol vapors can dissipate the charges on electrostatic filters. In the present study, the effects of alcohol vapors from alcohol-based sanitizers during hand disinfection on the in-use masks are studied. The results show that the negative effects are not significant for nonelectrostatic cotton masks or N95 respirators with multiple charged layers, but noticeable for surgical masks. After five rounds of hand disinfection, the filtration efficiencies of the filtering materials of the surgical masks decrease by more than 8% for 400 and 500 nm particles and by 3.7 ± 1.8% for 1 µm particles, the effective filtration efficiency of the surgical masks worn by the volunteers (with leakage considered) decreases by about 5% for ambient aerosol. In another process to imitate intensive disinfection procedures by healthcare workers, a 30 min surface cleaning process using alcohol-based sanitizer is performed, and the effective efficiency of the N95 respirators worn by the volunteers decreases by nearly 9%. The simple practice of avoiding vapor during hand disinfection could mitigate the effects of alcohol vapor, which is demonstrated on two brands of surgical masks.
| S-EPMC8414512 | biostudies-literature