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Cytotoxic Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and 2D-QSAR Studies of Dihydropyrimidinone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents.

ABSTRACT: The diverse pharmacological role of dihydropyrimidinone scaffold has made it to be an interesting drug target. Because of the high incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer, there is a dire need of discovering new pharmacotherapeutic agents in managing this disease. A series of twenty-two derivatives of 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (3a-3k) and ethyl 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (4a-4k) synthesized in a previous study were evaluated for their anticancer potential against breast cancer cell line. Molecular docking studies were performed to analyze the binding mode and interaction pattern of these compounds against nine breast cancer target proteins. The in vitro cell proliferation assay was performed against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The structure activity relationship of these compounds was further studied using QSARINS. Among nine proteins, the docking analysis revealed efficient binding of compounds 4f, 4e, 3e, 4g, and 4h against all target proteins. The in vitro cytotoxic assay revealed significant anticancer activity of compound 4f having IC₅₀ of 2.15 μM. The compounds 4e, 3e, 4g, and 4h also showed anticancer activities with IC₅₀ of 2.401, 2.41, 2.47 and 2.33 μM, respectively. The standard tamoxifen showed IC₅₀ 1.88 μM. The 2D qualitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was also carried out to identify potential breast cancer targets through QSARINS. The final QSAR equation revealed good predictivity and statistical validation R ² and Q ² values for the model obtained from QSARINS was 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The active compounds showed very good anticancer activities, and the binding analysis has revealed stable hydrogen bonding of these compounds with the target proteins. Moreover, the QSAR analysis has predicted useful information on the structural requirement of these compounds as anticancer agents with the importance of topological and autocorrelated descriptors in effecting the cancer activities.

SUBMITTER: Altaf R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9061032 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The presence of alkaline phosphatases has been observed in several species and has been known to play a crucial role in various biological functions. Higher expressions of alkaline phosphatase have been found in several multifactorial disorders and cancer patients, which has led it to be an interesting target for drug discovery. A strong structural similarity exists between intestinal alkaline phosphatases (IAPs) and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatases (TNAPs), which has led to the discovery of only a few selective inhibitors. Therefore, a series of 22 derivatives of 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1) and ethyl 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) were synthesized to evaluate the anticancer potential of these compounds against breast cancer. The compounds were characterized through spectral and elemental analyses. The inhibitory effect of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives on alkaline phosphatases was evaluated using the calf alkaline phosphatase assay. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was performed to study the radical scavenging effect. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed to elucidate the binding mode of active compounds. Moreover, the two-dimensional qualitative-structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) was performed to study the structural requirements for enzyme inhibition. The calf alkaline phosphatase inhibitory assay revealed significant inhibition of the enzyme by compound 4d with IC50 1.27 μM at 0.1 mM concentration as compared to standard KH2PO4 having IC50 2.80 μM. The compounds 4f, 4e, and 4i also showed very good inhibition with IC50 values of 2.502, 2.943, and 2.132 μM, respectively, at the same concentration. The antioxidant assay revealed efficient radical scavenging activity of compounds 4f, 4e, and 4g at 100 μg/mL with IC50 values of 0.48, 0.61, and 0.75 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking and simulation studies revealed efficient binding of active compounds in the active binding site of the target enzyme. The final QSAR equation revealed good predictivity and statistical validation having R 2 = 0.958 and Q 2 = 0.903, respectively, for the generated model. The compound 4d showed the highest inhibitory activity with stable binding modes acting as a future lead for identifying alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. The molecular simulations suggested the stable binding of this compound, and the QSAR studies revealed the importance of autocorrelated descriptors in the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase. The investigated compounds may serve as potential pharmacophores for potent and selective alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. We intend to further investigate the biological activities of these compounds as alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.

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Cytotoxic Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and 2D-QSAR Studies of Dihydropyrimidinone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents.

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