Prevalence of Coronary Microvascular Disease and Coronary Vasospasm in Patients With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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SUBMITTER: Mileva N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9075440 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundMicrovascular dysfunction in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease is increasingly being recognized as an important health issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of ranolazine, an antianginal agent, in improving coronary microvascular function.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, and gray literature databases until September 30, 2023. The included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the English or Chinese languages that screened for eligibility using two independent investigators. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were used to identify sources of heterogeneity. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan version 5.4 (Cochrane) and Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp).ResultsFrom 1,470 citations, 8 RCTs involving 379 participants were included in this analysis. Our findings showed that ranolazine increased coronary flow reserve (CFR) over an 8 to 12-week follow-up period [standardized mean difference =1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4-1.89; P=0.002]. Ranolazine increased the global myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) [weighted mean difference (WMD) =0.18; 95% CI: 0.07-0.29; P=0.002] and the midsubendocardial MPRI (WMD =0.10; 95% CI: 0.02-0.19; P=0.02). Moreover, ranolazine improved 3 of the 5 Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores, namely, physical functioning (WMD =4.89; 95% CI: 0.14 to 9.64; P=0.04), angina stability (WMD =17.31; 95% CI: 7.13-27.49; P=0.0009), and quality of life (WMD =10.11; 95% CI: 3.57-16.65; P=0.0003). Trial sequential analysis showed that the meta-analysis of angina stability and quality of life scores had a sufficient sample size and statistical power.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that ranolazine is associated with improvements in CFR, myocardial perfusion, and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. However, further large-scale RCTs with long-term follow-up are recommended to validate these findings and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of ranolazine on coronary microvascular function.
| S-EPMC10895086 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMyocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) is defined as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with angiographically nonobstructive coronary artery disease. MINOCA represents 6% of all AMI cases and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. However, the wide array of pathophysiological factors and causes associated with MINOCA presents a diagnostic conundrum. Therefore, we conducted a contemporary systematic review of the pathophysiology of MINOCA.MethodsA comprehensive systematic review of MINOCA was carried out through the utilization of the PubMed database. All systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies available in English or French that reported on the pathophysiology of MINOCA published after January 1, 2013 were retained.ResultsOf the 600 identified records, 80 records were retained. Central to the concept of MINOCA is the definition of AMI, characterized by the presence of myocardial damage reflected by elevated cardiac biomarkers in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia. As a result, a structured approach should be adopted to thoroughly assess and address clinically overlooked obstructive coronary artery disease, and cardiac and extracardiac mechanisms of myocyte injury. Once these options have been ruled out, a diagnosis of MINOCA can be established, and the appropriate multimodal assessment can be conducted to determine its specific underlying cause (plaque disruption, epicardial coronary vasospasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and coronary embolism and/or spontaneous coronary dissection or supply-demand mismatch).ConclusionsIntegrating a suitable definition of AMI and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of MINOCA are crucial to ensure an effective multimodal diagnostic evaluation and the provision of adequate tailored therapies.
| S-EPMC10935701 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDifferences in prognosis and baseline clinical presentation have been documented among patient with acute coronary syndrome and coronary artery disease with obstructive (ObCAD) or nonobstructive arteries (NObCAD), but the rates of events largely varied across single studies. We carried out a meta-analysis to compare the clinical presentation and prognosis of NObCAD versus ObCAD acute coronary syndrome patients, as well as of the subjects with zero versus mild occlusion.Methods and resultsSearches were made in MedLine, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and proceedings of international meetings up to June 30, 2015. We compared the risk of events of NObCAD versus ObCAD patients using random-effect meta-analyses. We also performed meta-analyses to estimate the yearly or monthly outcome rates in each single group. In NObCAD and ObCAD patients, respectively, the combined yearly rates were as follows: 2.4% versus 10.1% (all-cause mortality); 1.2% versus 6.0% (myocardial infarction), 4.0% versus 12.8% (all-cause mortality plus myocardial infarction), 1.4% versus 5.9% (cardiac death), and 9.2% versus 16.8% (major cardiovascular events). In the studies directly comparing NObCAD versus ObCAD, all of the above outcomes were significantly less frequent in NObCAD subjects (with risk ratios ranging from 0.33 to 0.66). No differences in any outcome rate were observed between mild occlusion (1-49% stenosis) and zero occlusion patients.ConclusionsNObCAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome has a significantly lower cardiovascular risk at baseline and a subsequent lower likelihood of death or main cardiovascular events. However, these subjects are still at high risk for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, suggesting potential undertreatment and calling for specific management.
| S-EPMC5210396 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background Elevated levels of serum homocysteine, via impaired nitric oxide production, and coronary microvascular dysfunction are associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. However, whether serum homocysteine levels and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction (CMED) are linked remains unknown. Methods and Results This study included 1418 patients with chest pain or an abnormal functional stress test and with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (<40% angiographic stenosis), who underwent CMED evaluation with functional angiography and had serum homocysteine levels measured. Patients were classified as having normal microvascular function versus CMED. Patients in the CMED group (n=743; 52%) had higher mean age (52.1±12.2 versus 50.0±12.4 years; P<0.0001), higher body mass index (29.1 [25.0-32.8] versus 27.5 [24.2-32.4]; P=0.001), diabetes mellitus (12.5% versus 9.4%; P=0.03), and fewer women (63.5% versus 68.7%; P=0.04) compared with patients in the normal microvascular function group. However, they had lower rates of smoking history, and mildly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with CMED, and the highest quartile of serum homocysteine level (>9 µmol/L) was an independent predictor of CMED (odds ratio, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.03-1.75]; P=0.03) after adjustment for age; sex; body mass index; chronic kidney disease (CKD); diabetes mellitus; smoking exposure; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides; and aspirin, statin, and B vitamin use. Conclusions Patients with CMED have significantly higher levels of serum homocysteine. Elevated serum homocysteine levels were associated with a significantly increased odds of an invasive diagnosis of CMED. The current study supports a potential role for homocysteine for diagnosis and target treatment in the patients with early coronary atherosclerosis.
| S-EPMC7792413 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLiterature studies suggested a lower prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) than in tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) patients. However, this finding has been challenged. We performed a meta-analysis to assess whether aortic valve morphology has a different association with CAD, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and postoperative mortality.Methods and resultsDetailed search was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline to identify all patients with BAV or TAV and presence of CAD, concomitant myocardial surgical revascularization, and the postoperative mortality. Thirty-one studies on 3017 BAV and 4586 TAV patients undergoing aortic valve surgery were included. BAV patients showed a lower prevalence of CAD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.65), concomitant CABG (OR, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.59), and postoperative mortality (OR, 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.97) than TAV. However, BAV subjects were significantly younger than TAV (mean difference: -7.29; 95% CI: -11.17, -3.41) were more frequently males (OR, 1.61; 95% CI: 1.33, 1.94) and exhibited a lower prevalence of hypertension (OR, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.87) and diabetes (OR, 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.93). Interestingly, a metaregression analysis showed that younger age and lower prevalence of diabetes were associated with lower prevalence of CAD (Z value: -3.03; P=0.002 and Z value: -3.10; P=0.002, respectively) and CABG (Z value: -2.69; P=0.007 and Z value: -3.36; P=0.001, respectively) documented in BAV patients.ConclusionsAnalysis of raw data suggested an association of aortic valve morphology with prevalence of CAD, concomitant CABG, and postoperative mortality. Interestingly, the differences in age and diabetes have a profound impact on prevalence of CAD between BAV and TAV. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that the presence of CAD is independent of aortic valve morphology.
| S-EPMC4889190 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe concept of hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) combines the left internal mammary artery (LIMA)-left anterior descending (LAD) graft and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to non-LAD vessels. Multiple comparative studies have evaluated the safety and feasibility of HCR and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for multivessel coronary artery disease (MCAD). However, the sample size of each study was small, and evidences based on single-institutional experience. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the short-term outcomes of HCR with those of CABG for MCAD.MethodPubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases, as well as conference proceedings, were searched for eligible studies published up to March 2014. We calculated summary odds ratios (OR) for primary endpoints (death, stroke; myocardial infarction (MI); target vessel revascularization (TVR); major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCEs)) and secondary endpoints (atrial fibrillation (AF); renal failure; length of stay in the intensive care unit (LoS in ICU); length of stay in hospital (LoS in hospital); red blood cell (RBC) transfusion). Data from 6176 participants were derived from ten cohort studies.ResultsHCR was non-inferior to CABG in terms of MACCEs during hospitalization (odds ratio (OR), 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34-1.33)and at one-year follow-up(0.32, 0.05-1.89) , and no significant difference was found between HCR and CABG groups in in-hospital and one-year follow-up outcomes of death, MI, stroke, the prevalence of AF and renal failure, whereas HCR was associated with a lower requirement of RBC transfusion and shorter LoS in ICU and LoS in hospital than CABG (weighted mean difference (WMD) -1.25, 95% CI, -1.62 to -0.88; -17.47, -31.01 to -3.93; -1.77, -3.07 to -0.46; respectively).ConclusionOur meta-analysis indicates that HCR is feasible, safe and effective for the treatment of MCAD, with similar in-hospital and one-year follow-up outcome, significantly lower requirement of RBC transfusion, and faster recovery compared with CABG.
| S-EPMC4433085 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction and importanceLeft main coronary artery (LMCA) vasospasm is rare and can cause demand-supply mismatch that can mimic coronary artery disease (CAD). This could lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate referral for surgical intervention.Case presentationA 55-year-old woman with no cardiac risk factors presented with anginal chest pain. Vital signs were stable and physical exam was unremarkable. Chest x-ray was normal and electrocardiography (ECG) revealed sinus bradycardia with nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave changes in the inferolateral leads present on prior ECGs. Echocardiography revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 60-65% without regional wall motion abnormalities and cardiac troponin was within normal limits. Nuclear stress test was unsuccessful due to severe reaction to regadenoson. Subsequent invasive coronary angiography revealed an isolated 70% stenosis of the LMCA. Patient was referred for surgery, however, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) prior to surgery unmasked spasm and prevented unnecessary surgery.Clinical discussionCoronary spasm is diagnosed clinically based on typical symptoms, transient ECG changes, and a negative stress test with no regional wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography. During episodes of spasm, coronary angiography would reveal an area of stenosis in the affected coronary segment. This could lead to a misdiagnosis of CAD and, in cases of LMCA stenosis, inappropriate referral for surgical intervention.ConclusionLMCA spasm is rare but can mimic CAD leading to misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgery. Physicians should have a high suspicion for spasm especially in patients with anginal chest pain who lack CAD risk factors. CCTA can unmask spasm and prevent unnecessary interventions.
| S-EPMC9111888 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Little is known about cardiac adverse events among patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).To compare myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality rates between patients with nonobstructive CAD, obstructive CAD, and no apparent CAD in a national cohort.Retrospective cohort study of all US veterans undergoing elective coronary angiography for CAD between October 2007 and September 2012 in the Veterans Affairs health care system. Patients with prior CAD events were excluded.Angiographic CAD extent, defined by degree (no apparent CAD: no stenosis >20%; nonobstructive CAD: ?1 stenosis ?20% but no stenosis ?70%; obstructive CAD: any stenosis ?70% or left main [LM] stenosis ?50%) and distribution (1, 2, or 3 vessel).The primary outcome was 1-year hospitalization for nonfatal MI after the index angiography. Secondary outcomes included 1-year all-cause mortality and combined 1-year MI and mortality.Among 37,674 patients, 8384 patients (22.3%) had nonobstructive CAD and 20,899 patients (55.4%) had obstructive CAD. Within 1 year, 845 patients died and 385 were rehospitalized for MI. Among patients with no apparent CAD, the 1-year MI rate was 0.11% (n?=?8, 95% CI, 0.10%-0.20%) and increased progressively by 1-vessel nonobstructive CAD, 0.24% (n?=?10, 95% CI, 0.10%-0.40%); 2-vessel nonobstructive CAD, 0.56% (n?=?13, 95% CI, 0.30%-1.00%); 3-vessel nonobstructive CAD, 0.59% (n?=?6, 95% CI, 0.30%-1.30%); 1-vessel obstructive CAD, 1.18% (n?=?101, 95% CI, 1.00%-1.40%); 2-vessel obstructive CAD, 2.18% (n?=?110, 95% CI, 1.80%-2.60%); and 3-vessel or LM obstructive CAD, 2.47% (n?=?137, 95% CI, 2.10%-2.90%). After adjustment, 1-year MI rates increased with increasing CAD extent. Relative to patients with no apparent CAD, patients with 1-vessel nonobstructive CAD had a hazard ratio (HR) for 1-year MI of 2.0 (95% CI, 0.8-5.1); 2-vessel nonobstructive HR, 4.6 (95% CI, 2.0-10.5); 3-vessel nonobstructive HR, 4.5 (95% CI, 1.6-12.5); 1-vessel obstructive HR, 9.0 (95% CI, 4.2-19.0); 2-vessel obstructive HR, 16.5 (95% CI, 8.1-33.7); and 3-vessel or LM obstructive HR, 19.5 (95% CI, 9.9-38.2). One-year mortality rates were associated with increasing CAD extent, ranging from 1.38% among patients without apparent CAD to 4.30% with 3-vessel or LM obstructive CAD. After risk adjustment, there was no significant association between 1- or 2-vessel nonobstructive CAD and mortality, but there were significant associations with mortality for 3-vessel nonobstructive CAD (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5), 1-vessel obstructive CAD (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6), 2-vessel obstructive CAD (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.1-3.7), and 3-vessel or LM obstructive CAD (HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.6-4.4). Similar associations were noted with the combined outcome.In this cohort of patients undergoing elective coronary angiography, nonobstructive CAD, compared with no apparent CAD, was associated with a significantly greater 1-year risk of MI and all-cause mortality. These findings suggest clinical importance of nonobstructive CAD and warrant further investigation of interventions to improve outcomes among these patients.
| S-EPMC4893304 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) might adversely affect the health status of the patients, producing cognitive deterioration, with depression being the most common symptom. The aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence of depression in patients before and after coronary artery bypass surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out, involving a study of the past 10 years of the following databases: CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science. The total sample comprised n = 16,501 patients. The total number of items was n = 65, with n = 29 included in the meta-analysis. Based on the different measurement tools used, the prevalence of depression pre-CABG ranges from 19-37%, and post-CABG from 15-33%. There is a considerable presence of depression in this type of patient, but this varies according to the measurement tool used and the quality of the study. Systematically detecting depression prior to cardiac surgery could identify patients at potential risk.
| S-EPMC7230184 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo conduct a systematic review on the prevalence, risk factors, treatments and outcomes of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in Indians.Methods and resultsWe conducted a systematic review of studies in Indians with CAD from Jan 1969 to Oct 2012. Initial search yielded 3885 studies and after review 288 observational studies were included. The prevalence of CAD in urban areas was 2.5%-12.6% and in rural areas, 1.4%-4.6%. The prevalence of risk factors was: smoking (8.9-40.5%), hypertension (13.1-36.9%) and diabetes mellitus (0.2-24.0%). The median time to reach hospital after an MI was 360 min. In hospital rates of drug use were: antiplatelets 68%-97.9%, beta blockers 47.3%-65.8% and ACEIs 27.8-56.8%.ConclusionsIn this first systematic review of CAD in India, prevalence of risk factors is high, treatments delayed and use of evidence based treatments variable.
| S-EPMC4561784 | biostudies-literature