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Metamaterial-enabled arbitrary on-chip spatial mode manipulation.

ABSTRACT: On-chip spatial mode operation, represented as mode-division multiplexing (MDM), can support high-capacity data communications and promise superior performance in various systems and numerous applications from optical sensing to nonlinear and quantum optics. However, the scalability of state-of-the-art mode manipulation techniques is significantly hindered not only by the particular mode-order-oriented design strategy but also by the inherent limitations of possibly achievable mode orders. Recently, metamaterials capable of providing subwavelength-scale control of optical wavefronts have emerged as an attractive alternative to manipulate guided modes with compact footprints and broadband functionalities. Herein, we propose a universal yet efficient design framework based on the topological metamaterial building block (BB), enabling the excitation of arbitrary high-order spatial modes in silicon waveguides. By simply programming the layout of multiple fully etched dielectric metamaterial perturbations with predefined mathematical formulas, arbitrary high-order mode conversion and mode exchange can be simultaneously realized with uniform and competitive performance. The extraordinary scalability of the metamaterial BB frame is experimentally benchmarked by a record high-order mode operator up to the twentieth. As a proof of conceptual application, an 8-mode MDM data transmission of 28-GBaud 16-QAM optical signals is also verified with an aggregate data rate of 813 Gb/s (7% FEC). This user-friendly metamaterial BB concept marks a quintessential breakthrough for comprehensive manipulation of spatial light on-chip by breaking the long-standing shackles on the scalability, which may open up fascinating opportunities for complex photonic functionalities previously inaccessible.

SUBMITTER: Xiang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9160251 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Metamaterial-enabled arbitrary on-chip spatial mode manipulation.

Xiang Jinlong J Tao Zhiyuan Z Li Xingfeng X Zhao Yaotian Y He Yu Y Guo Xuhan X Su Yikai Y

Light, science & applications 20220601 1

On-chip spatial mode operation, represented as mode-division multiplexing (MDM), can support high-capacity data communications and promise superior performance in various systems and numerous applications from optical sensing to nonlinear and quantum optics. However, the scalability of state-of-the-art mode manipulation techniques is significantly hindered not only by the particular mode-order-oriented design strategy but also by the inherent limitations of possibly achievable mode orders. Recen ...[more]

PMID: 35650178

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Project description:Enabled by the proliferation of nanoscale fabrication techniques required to create spatially-repeating, sub-wavelength structures to manipulate the behavior of visible-wavelength radiation, optical metamaterials are of increasing interest. Here we develop and characterize a chemical sensing approach based on electrochemical tuning of the optical response function of large-area, inexpensive nanoaperture metamaterials at visible and near-IR wavelengths. Nanosphere lithography is used to create an ordered array of sub-wavelength apertures in a Au film. The spacing of these apertures is established during fabrication, based on the size of the polystyrene nanospheres. Tunable shifts in the transmission spectrum can be produced post-fabrication by electrodeposition of a dissimilar metal, Ag, using the nanoaperture film as one electrode in a 2-electrode closed bipolar electrochemical (CBE) cell, altering hole size, film thickness, and film composition while maintaining hole spacing dictated by the original pattern. Optical transmission spectra acquired under galvanostatic conditions can be expressed as a linear combination of the initial and final (saturated) spectra, and the resulting response function exhibits a sigmoidal response with respect to the amount of charge (or metal) deposited. This architecture is then used to perform optical coulometry of model analytes in a CBE-based analyte-reporter dual cell device, thus expanding the capability of CBE-based sensors. Increasing the exposed electrode area of the analyte cell increases the response of the device, while modifying the circuit resistance alters the balance between sensitivity and dynamic range. These tunable nanoaperture metamaterials exhibit enhanced sensitivity compared to CBE electrochromic reporter cells to the μM to nM concentration range, suggesting further avenues for development of CBE-based chemical sensors as well as application to inexpensive, point-of-care diagnostic devices.

Dataset Information

Metamaterial-enabled arbitrary on-chip spatial mode manipulation.

Publications

Metamaterial-enabled arbitrary on-chip spatial mode manipulation.

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