Dataset Information

Understanding 'hybrid immunity': comparison and predictors of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Comparing humoral responses in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, or combinations of vaccine/infection ('hybrid immunity'), may clarify predictors of vaccine immunogenicity.

Methods

We studied 2660 U.S. Military Health System beneficiaries with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection-alone (n = 705), vaccination-alone (n = 932), vaccine-after-infection (n = 869), and vaccine-breakthrough-infection (n = 154). Peak anti-spike-IgG responses through 183 days were compared, with adjustment for vaccine product, demography, and comorbidities. We excluded those with evidence of clinical or sub-clinical SARS-CoV-2 reinfection from all groups.

Results

Multivariable regression results indicated vaccine-after-infection anti-spike-IgG responses were higher than infection-alone (p < 0.01), regardless of prior infection severity. An increased time between infection and vaccination was associated with a greater post-vaccination IgG response (p < 0.01). Vaccination-alone elicited a greater IgG response, but more rapid waning of IgG (p < 0.01), compared to infection-alone (p < 0.01). BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-receipt was associated with greater IgG responses compared to JNJ-78436735 (p < 0.01), regardless of infection history. Those with vaccine-after-infection or vaccine-breakthrough-infection had a more durable anti-spike-IgG response compared to infection-alone (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Vaccine-receipt elicited higher anti-spike-IgG responses than infection-alone, although IgG levels waned faster in those vaccinated (compared to infection-alone). Vaccine-after-infection elicits a greater humoral response compared to vaccine or infection alone; and the timing, but not disease severity, of prior infection predicted these post-vaccination IgG responses. While differences between groups were small in magnitude, these results offer insights into vaccine immunogenicity variations that may help inform vaccination timing strategies.

SUBMITTER: Epsi NJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9213853 | biostudies-literature | 2022 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Understanding "Hybrid Immunity": Comparison and Predictors of Humoral Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines.

Epsi Nusrat J NJ Richard Stephanie A SA Lindholm David A DA Mende Katrin K Ganesan Anuradha A Huprikar Nikhil N Lalani Tahaniyat T Fries Anthony C AC Maves Ryan C RC Colombo Rhonda E RE Larson Derek T DT Smith Alfred A Chi Sharon W SW Maldonado Carlos J CJ Ewers Evan C EC Jones Milissa U MU Berjohn Catherine M CM Libraty Daniel H DH Edwards Margaret Sanchez MS English Caroline C Rozman Julia S JS Mody Rupal M RM Colombo Christopher J CJ Samuels Emily C EC Nwachukwu Princess P Tso Marana S MS Scher Ann I AI Byrne Celia C Rusiecki Jennifer J Simons Mark P MP Tribble David D Broder Christopher C CC Agan Brian K BK Burgess Timothy H TH Laing Eric D ED Pollett Simon D SD

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 20230201 3

<h4>Background</h4>Comparison of humoral responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinees, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, or combinations of vaccine/ infection ("hybrid immunity") may clarify predictors of vaccine immunogenicity.<h4>Methods</h4>We studied 2660 US Military Health System beneficiaries with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection-alone (n = 705), vaccination-alone (n = 932), vaccine-after-infection (n = 869), and vaccine-breakthrough-infection (n = 15 ...[more]

PMID: 35608504

Similar Datasets

Project description:BackgroundMucosal antibodies play a key role in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper respiratory tract, and potentially in limiting virus replication and therefore onward transmission. While systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is well understood, we have a limited understanding about the antibodies present on the nasal mucosal surfaces.MethodsIn this study, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 mucosal antibodies following previous infection, vaccination, or a combination of both. Paired nasal fluid and serum samples were collected from 143 individuals, which include convalescent, vaccinated, or breakthrough infections.FindingsWe detected a high correlation between IgG responses in serum and nasal fluids, which were higher in both compartments in vaccinated compared to convalescent participants. Contrary, nasal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 IgA responses were weakly correlated, indicating a compartmentalization between the local and systemic IgA responses. SARS-CoV-2 secretory component IgA (s-IgA) antibodies, present exclusively on mucosal surfaces, were detected in the nasal fluid only in a minority of vaccinated subjects and were significantly higher in previously infected individuals. Depletion of IgA antibodies in nasal fluids resulted in a tremendous reduction of neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2, indicating that IgA is the crucial contributor to neutralization in the nasal mucosa. Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 was higher in the mucosa of subjects with previous SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to vaccinated participants.InterpretationIn summary, we demonstrate that currently available vaccines elicit strong systemic antibody responses, but SARS-CoV-2 infection generates higher titers of binding and neutralizing mucosal antibodies. Our results support the importance to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that elicit mucosal antibodies.FundingThe work was funded by the COVID-19 National Research Program 78 (grant number 198412) of the Swiss National Science Foundation.