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Diversity of options to eliminate fossil fuels and reach carbon neutrality across the entire European energy system.

ABSTRACT: Disagreements persist on how to design a self-sufficient, carbon-neutral European energy system. To explore the diversity of design options, we develop a high-resolution model of the entire European energy system and produce 441 technically feasible system designs that are within 10% of the optimal economic cost. We show that a wide range of systems based on renewable energy are feasible, with no need to import energy from outside Europe. Model solutions reveal considerable flexibility in the choice and geographical distribution of new infrastructure across the continent. Balanced renewable energy supply can be achieved either with or without mechanisms such as biofuel use, curtailment, and expansion of the electricity network. Trade-offs emerge once specific preferences are imposed. Low biofuel use, for example, requires heat electrification and controlled vehicle charging. This exploration of the impact of preferences on system design options is vital to inform urgent, politically difficult decisions for eliminating fossil fuel imports and achieving European carbon neutrality.

SUBMITTER: Pickering B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9220955 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Carbon neutrality needs a circular metal-energy nexus.

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Quantifying the Resilience of Coal Energy Supply in China Toward Carbon Neutrality.

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A carbon-neutrality-capactiy index for evaluating carbon sink contributions.

Project description:The accurate determination of the carbon-neutrality capacity (CNC) of a region is crucial for developing policies related to emissions and climate change. However, a systematic diagnostic method for determining the CNC that considers the rock chemical weathering carbon sink (RCS) is lacking. Moreover, it is challenging but indispensable to establish a fast and practical index model to determine the CNC. Here, we selected Guizhou as the study area, used the methods for different types of carbon sinks, and constructed a CNC index (CNCI) model. We found that: (1) the carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink flux was 30.3 t CO2 km-2 yr-1. Guizhou accounted for 1.8% of the land area and contributed 5.4% of the carbonate chemical weathering carbon sink; (2) the silicate rock chemical weathering carbon sink and its flux were 1.44 × 103 t CO2 and 2.43 t CO2 km-2 yr-1, respectively; (3) the vegetation-soil ecosystem carbon sink and its flux were 1.37 × 108 t CO2 and 831.70 t CO2 km-2 yr-1, respectively; (4) the carbon emissions (CEs) were 280 Tg CO2, about 2.8% of the total for China; and (5) the total carbon sinks in Guizhou were 160 Tg CO2, with a CNCI of 57%, which is 4.8 times of China and 2.1 times of the world. In summary, we conducted a systematic diagnosis of the CNC considering the RCS and established a CNCI model. The results of this study have a strong implication and significance for national and global CNC determination and gap analysis.

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