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Use of Eggshell-Catalyzed Biochar Adsorbents for Pb Removal from Aqueous Solution.

ABSTRACT: Eggshell is a cheap and environmentally friendly calcium source. In this study, Ca-modified biochar adsorbents (CEA) were prepared by 1:10, 1:2, and 1:1 mass ratio of the eggshell and Eupatorium adenophorum. The CEA-2 sample prepared with a 1:2 mass ratio showed a maximum Pb adsorption capacity (97.74 mg·g^-1) at the conditions of an initial pH of 7.0, an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g·L^-1, and a contact time of 8.0 h. The kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process of the CEA-2 sample had monolayer adsorption characteristics, which was controlled together by intraparticle and interface diffusion. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process of CEA-2 was spontaneous (ΔG ⁰ <0) and endothermic (ΔH ⁰ > 0). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed a uniform distribution of Ca-Pb precipitation on the CEA-2 surface, which proved that chemical precipitation was the main adsorption mechanism. Fourier transform infrared spectra found that CEA-2 had abundant active groups, especially nitrogen-containing functional groups, which could adsorb Pb through a surface complexation reaction. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of CEA-2 was found to be 621 m²·g^-1, and such developed pores could ensure the smooth diffusion of Pb. Finally, the effect of coexisting cation and anion experiment and the cyclic regeneration experiment indicated that CEA-2 had prominent stability and reusability for Pb adsorption.

SUBMITTER: Liu D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9245091 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The purpose of this work was to develop, characterize and test new low-cost materials suitable for removing methylene blue dye from water and wastewater by adsorption. The solid materials consisted of silica gel powder (SG), silica gel mixed with eggshell powder (SG-ES) and a mixture of silica gel with sand from the western Iraqi desert (SG-SI). The samples were milled by using an electrical mixer and a ball mill, followed by a drying step. In addition, desert sand was acid-treated in order to remove impurities. The structure and chemical composition of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscopy technique equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX), a low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (BET) technique, thermo-analytical (TG/TGA) measurements and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The previously mentioned materials were tested to remove methylene blue from an aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry and showed that SG and SG-ES gave promising results for the methylene blue removal from water. After 40 min of treatment of the aqueous solution containing 10 mg/L of MB at room temperature, the tested SG, SG-ES and SG-SI materials were found to have 86%, 80% and 57% dye adsorption efficiency, respectively. Taking into consideration not only the adsorption activity of the studied material but their availability, cost and concepts of cleaner production and waste minimization, the developed silica gel with eggshell can be considered as a good, cost-effective alternative to commercially available activated-carbon-based adsorbents. Different kinetic and isotherm models were fitted to the experimental results. A pseudo-second-kinetics-order model revealed high correlation fitting, while the Freundlich model was found to appropriately describe the adsorption isotherm. The thermal stability during the possible regeneration process of the SG-ES adsorbent mixture and its interaction mechanism with cationic dye was discussed.

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Use of Eggshell-Catalyzed Biochar Adsorbents for Pb Removal from Aqueous Solution.

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