Differences in thinking flexibility between novices and experts based on eye tracking.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zhu M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9246232 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundExecutive function (EF) plays an important role in controlling human actions. Shooting is a closed motor skill, characterized by high anti-interference ability and high mental intensity. However, the beneficial effects of closed exercises such as shooting on EF remain unclear.MethodsWe utilized an expert-novice paradigm and the Flanker task to examine the EF of shooting athletes. Participants were assigned into the novice group, expert group, or control group, based on the level of training and competition experience. Reaction time (RT) and accuracy of performance across the three groups were compared.ResultsFor the simple task, the control group showed a longer RT than the novice group, for all three inter-stimulus interval (ISI) conditions. Significant differences between the control and the expert groups were observed only at 300-ms and 400-ms ISIs. For the complex task, the control group exhibited a higher RT than the novice and expert groups at the 300- and 400-ms ISIs.ConclusionsThe self-control during performing closed motor skills in the environment determines that shooters have proficient anti-interference ability. This ability is uncorrelated with task type, but most likely is affected by reserved task response time.
| S-EPMC7500350 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Abacus experts could mentally calculate fast some mathematical operations using multi-digit numbers. The temporal dynamics of abacus mental calculation are still unknown although some behavioral and neuroimaging studies have suggested a visuospatial and visuomotor neural process during abacus mental calculation. Therefore, this contribution aims to clarify the significant similarities and the differences between experts and novices by investigating calculation-induced neuromagnetic responses based on cerebral oscillatory changes. Methods: Twelve to 13 healthy abacus experts and 17 non-experts participated in two experimental paradigms using non-invasive neuromagnetic measurements. In experiments 1 and 2, the spatial distribution of oscillatory changes presented mental calculations and temporal frequency profiles during addition while examining multiplication tasks. The MEG data were analyzed using synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) with an adaptive beamformer to calculate the group average of the spatial distribution of oscillatory changes and their temporal frequency profiles in source-level analyses. Results: Using a group average of the spatial distribution of oscillatory changes, we observed some common brain activities in both right-handed abacus experts and non-experts. In non-experts, we detected the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral Intraparietal sulcus (IPS); whereas in experts, detected the bilateral parieto-occipital sulcus (POS), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and left sensorimotor areas mainly. Based on the findings generated, we could propose calculation processing models for both abacus experts and non- experts conveniently. Conclusion: The proposed model of calculation processing in abacus experts and novices revealed that the novices could calculate logically depending on numerical processing in the left IPS. In contrast, abacus experts are utilizing spatial processing using a memorized imaginary abacus, which distributed over the bilateral hemispheres in the IFG and sensorimotor areas.
| S-EPMC7176303 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The proper functioning of biomolecules in living cells requires them to assume particular structures and to undergo conformational changes. Both biomolecular structure and motion can be studied using a wide variety of techniques, but none offers the level of detail as do molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Integrating two widely used modeling programs, namely NAMD and VMD, we have created a robust, user-friendly software, QwikMD, which enables novices and experts alike to address biomedically relevant questions, where often only molecular dynamics simulations can provide answers. Performing both simple and advanced MD simulations interactively, QwikMD automates as many steps as necessary for preparing, carrying out, and analyzing simulations while checking for common errors and enabling reproducibility. QwikMD meets also the needs of experts in the field, increasing the efficiency and quality of their work by carrying out tedious or repetitive tasks while enabling easy control of every step. Whether carrying out simulations within the live view mode on a small laptop or performing complex and large simulations on supercomputers or Cloud computers, QwikMD uses the same steps and user interface. QwikMD is freely available by download on group and personal computers. It is also available on the cloud at Amazon Web Services.
| S-EPMC4877583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Studies estimating eye movements have demonstrated that non-human primates have fixation patterns similar to humans at the first sight of a picture. In the current study, three sets of pictures containing monkeys, humans or both were presented to rhesus monkeys and humans. The eye movements on these pictures by the two species were recorded using a Tobii eye-tracking system. We found that monkeys paid more attention to the head and body in pictures containing monkeys, whereas both monkeys and humans paid more attention to the head in pictures containing humans. The humans always concentrated on the eyes and head in all the pictures, indicating the social role of facial cues in society. Although humans paid more attention to the hands than monkeys, both monkeys and humans were interested in the hands and what was being done with them in the pictures. This may suggest the importance and necessity of hands for survival. Finally, monkeys scored lower in eye-tracking when fixating on the pictures, as if they were less interested in looking at the screen than humans. The locations of fixation in monkeys may provide insight into the role of eye movements in an evolutionary context.
| S-EPMC5561961 | biostudies-other
Project description:It is unclear, where learners focus their attention when interpreting point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) images. This study seeks to determine the relationship between attentional foci metrics with lung ultrasound (LUS) interpretation accuracy in novice medical learners. A convenience sample of 14 medical residents with minimal LUS training viewed 8 LUS cineloops, with their eye-tracking patterns recorded. Areas of interest (AOI) for each cineloop were mapped independently by two experts, and externally validated by a third expert. Primary outcome of interest was image interpretation accuracy, presented as a percentage. Eye tracking captured 10 of 14 participants (71%) who completed the study. Participants spent a mean total of 8 min 44 s ± standard deviation (SD) 3 min 8 s on the cineloops, with 1 min 14 s ± SD 34 s spent fixated in the AOI. Mean accuracy score was 54.0% ± SD 16.8%. In regression analyses, fixation duration within AOI was positively associated with accuracy [beta-coefficients 28.9 standardized error (SE) 6.42, P = 0.002). Total time spent viewing the videos was also significantly associated with accuracy (beta-coefficient 5.08, SE 0.59, P < 0.0001). For each additional minute spent fixating within the AOI, accuracy scores increased by 28.9%. For each additional minute spent viewing the video, accuracy scores increased only by 5.1%. Interpretation accuracy is strongly associated with time spent fixating within the AOI. Image interpretation training should consider targeting AOIs.
| S-EPMC10495286 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Domain experts regularly teach novice students how to perform a task. This often requires them to adjust their behavior to the less knowledgeable audience and, hence, to behave in a more didactic manner. Eye movement modeling examples (EMMEs) are a contemporary educational tool for displaying experts' (natural or didactic) problem-solving behavior as well as their eye movements to learners. While research on expert-novice communication mainly focused on experts' changes in explicit, verbal communication behavior, it is as yet unclear whether and how exactly experts adjust their nonverbal behavior. This study first investigated whether and how experts change their eye movements and mouse clicks (that are displayed in EMMEs) when they perform a task naturally versus teach a task didactically. Programming experts and novices initially debugged short computer codes in a natural manner. We first characterized experts' natural problem-solving behavior by contrasting it with that of novices. Then, we explored the changes in experts' behavior when being subsequently instructed to model their task solution didactically. Experts became more similar to novices on measures associated with experts' automatized processes (i.e., shorter fixation durations, fewer transitions between code and output per click on the run button when behaving didactically). This adaptation might make it easier for novices to follow or imitate the expert behavior. In contrast, experts became less similar to novices for measures associated with more strategic behavior (i.e., code reading linearity, clicks on run button) when behaving didactically.
| S-EPMC7540081 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The data described here provide standard performance measures following administration of a fingerprint matching task to expert analysts, trained students and novice control participants. Measures include accuracy on 'same' and 'different' trials, and the associated measures of sensitivity of discrimination (d') and response bias (C). In addition, speed of correct response is provided. The provision of these data will enable the interested reader to conduct meta-analyses relating to questions of fingerprint expertise and fingerprint training (see "Fact or friction: examination of the transparency, reliability and sufficiency of the ACE-V method of fingerprint analysis" (Stevenage and Pitfield, in press) [1]).
| S-EPMC5066182 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Listeners generally categorize speech sounds in a gradient manner. However, recent work, using a visual analogue scaling (VAS) task, suggests that some listeners show more categorical performance, leading to less flexible cue integration and poorer recovery from misperceptions (Kapnoula et al., 2017, 2021). We asked how individual differences in speech gradiency can be reconciled with the well-established gradiency in the modal listener, showing how VAS performance relates to both Visual World Paradigm and EEG measures of gradiency. We also investigated three potential sources of these individual differences: inhibitory control; lexical inhibition; and early cue encoding. We used the N1 ERP component to track pre-categorical encoding of Voice Onset Time (VOT). The N1 linearly tracked VOT, reflecting a fundamentally gradient speech perception; however, for less gradient listeners, this linearity was disrupted near the boundary. Thus, while all listeners are gradient, they may show idiosyncratic encoding of specific cues, affecting downstream processing.
| S-EPMC11251822 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Data in this article revealed the eye movement differences of visualizers and verbalizers in viewing four pictures-in-text by analyzing gaze path and fixation data (fixation duration, fixation counts and the average time on each fixation). After imported the documents into Tobii eye-tracker, authors triggered participants' natural reading habits, recorded their eye movement data, and predicted participants as visualizers or verbalizers based on the Felder and Silverman Learning Style Model (FSLSM). Comparing the predictions with self-report results tested by the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) questionnaire, authors got the accuracy results of using eye-tracking technology in identifying visualizers and verbalizers. The data revealed natural preferences of people with different styles, and it can be used in future studies in the field of adaptive learning systems, individual differences, neuroscience in reading habits, and individualized instruction.
| S-EPMC6811880 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo evaluate patterns and opinion from international experts with respect to dry eye disease (DED) diagnosis in clinical practice.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to worldwide DED experts. The use of diagnosis tests was evaluated including: symptoms questionnaires, functional tests, tear stability, tear volume, tear composition, surface damage and inflammation, and eyelid assessment. After the subjective importance of symptoms, tear break up time (TBUT), non-invasive TBUT, Schirmer's test, tear meniscus height, tear osmolarity, tear metalloproteinase 9, blepharitis assessment and non-contact meibography was evaluated according to likert scale.ResultsThe survey was sent to 109 experts, and 77 completed the questionnaire (rate of response = 70.6%). Most of the participants were from North America (27%) and Europe (40%). A majority of respondents (73%) diagnose DED using clinical signs and symptoms, but not fulfilling a specific criteria. Seventy-six participants (98.7%) use symptoms questionnaires. All participants evaluate damage to ocular surface, and fluorescein staining is the most frequent method used (92%). Also, all the respondents perform meibomian gland and blepharitis assessment. On the other hand, only 69.8% evaluate tear composition, being osmolarity the most common test used (66.2%). Regarding to the importance of tests, TBUT (p = 0.002) and Schirmer's (p = 0.021) were found to be more important to experts from Europe than North America. No differences were found in any other test (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThis survey offers updated and day-to-day diagnostic clinical practice by DED worldwide experts. The results highlight the importance of symptoms and clinical signs, but not necessarily following a strict criteria.
| S-EPMC10361019 | biostudies-literature