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FGFR blockade boosts T cell infiltration into triple-negative breast cancer by regulating cancer-associated fibroblasts

ABSTRACT: Background: Since T cell exclusion contributes to tumor immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance, how to improve T cell infiltration into solid tumors becomes an urgent challenge. Methods: We employed deep learning to profile the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) samples from TCGA datasets and noticed that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways were enriched in the immune-excluded phenotype of TNBC. Erdafitinib, a selective FGFR inhibitor, was then used to investigate the effect of FGFR blockade on TIME landscape of TNBC syngeneic mouse models by flow cytometry, mass cytometry (CyTOF) and RNA sequencing. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and transwell migration assay were carried out to detect the effect of FGFR blockade on cell proliferation and migration, respectively. Cytokine array, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence (IF) were employed to investigate the potential mechanism by which FGFR inhibition enhanced T cell infiltration. Results: Blocking FGFR pathway by Erdafitinib markedly suppressed tumor growth with increased T cell infiltration in immunocompetent mouse models of TNBC. Mechanistically, FGFR blockade inhibited cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) proliferation, migration and secretion of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) by down-regulating MAPK/ERK pathway in CAFs, thus promoting T cell infiltration by breaking physical and chemical barriers built by CAFs in TIME. Furthermore, we observed that FGFR inhibition combined with immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICT) greatly improved the therapeutic response of TNBC tumor models. Conclusions: FGFR blockade enhanced ICT response by turning immune “cold” tumor into “hot” tumor, providing remarkable implications of FGFR inhibitors as adjuvant agents for combinatorial immunotherapy.

SUBMITTER: Wu Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9254240 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ImportanceWhy some triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have high and others have low immune cell infiltration is unknown. Understanding how immune surveillance shapes the cancer genome could help in the selection of patients and the development of more effective immunotherapy strategies.ObjectiveTo examine the association between genomic metrics and the extent of immune infiltration in TNBCs.Design, setting, and participantsThis study, performed from June 1, 2015, through January 31, 2017, used DNA and RNA sequencing data and messenger RNA expression results from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer data set (n = 1215) to calculate previously described immune metagene expression values and histologic lymphocyte counts to quantify immune infiltration and assign prognostic categories to TNBCs. It used the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data set as an independent validation cohort. The study compared clonal heterogeneity, somatic total mutational load, neoantigen load, and somatic copy number alteration levels between immune-rich TNBC cohorts with good prognosis and immune-poor TNBC cohorts with poor prognosis. The study also compared the distribution of mutations in 119 canonical cancer genes.Main outcomes and measuresCorrelation between immune prognostic category and genomic metrics of the cancer.ResultsThis study of 193 TNBC samples with patient survival information found an inverse association between clonal heterogeneity and immune metagene expression (? = ?0.395, P = 2 ×?10?8). The study also found an inverse association between immune metagene expression and somatic copy number alteration levels (? = ?0.484, P = 2 ×?10?10). Lymphocyte-rich TNBCs with good prognosis had significantly lower mutation and neoantigen counts than did lymphocyte-poor TNBCs with poor prognosis. The robustness of the study results was confirmed by using various immune metagenes in the same TCGA data set and in the independent METABRIC data set.Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that immune-rich TNBCs may be under an immune surveillance that continuously eliminates many immunogenic clones, resulting in lower clonal heterogeneity. These cancers may also represent the subset of TNBCs that could derive benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to tilt the balance in favor of the immune system.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a uniquely aggressive cancer with high rates of relapse due to resistance to chemotherapy. TNBC expresses higher levels of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) compared to other breast cancers, providing the rationale for the recently approved immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A huge effort is dedicated to identify actionable biomarkers allowing for combination therapies with immune-checkpoint blockade. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor ? (PDGFR?) is highly expressed in invasive TNBC, both on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. We recently proved that tumor growth and lung metastases are impaired in mouse models of human TNBC by a high efficacious PDGFR? aptamer. Hence, we aimed at investigating the effectiveness of a novel combination treatment with the PDGFR? aptamer and anti-PD-L1 mAbs in TNBC. METHODS:The targeting ability of the anti-human PDGFR? aptamer toward the murine receptor was verified by streptavidin-biotin assays and confocal microscopy, and its inhibitory function by transwell migration assays. The anti-proliferative effects of the PDGFR? aptamer/anti-PD-L1 mAbs combination was assessed in human MDA-MB-231 and murine 4?T1 TNBC cells, both grown as monolayer or co-cultured with lymphocytes. Tumor cell lysis and cytokines secretion by lymphocytes were analyzed by LDH quantification and ELISA, respectively. Orthotopic 4?T1 xenografts in syngeneic mice were used for dissecting the effect of aptamer/mAb combination on tumor growth, metastasis and lymphocytes infiltration. Ex vivo analyses through immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and immunoblotting were performed. RESULTS:We show that the PDGFR? aptamer potentiates the anti-proliferative activity of anti-PD-L1 mAbs on both human and murine TNBC cells, according to its human/mouse cross-reactivity. Further, by binding to activated human and mouse lymphocytes, the aptamer enhances the anti-PD-L1 mAb-induced cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against tumor cells. Importantly, the aptamer heightens the antibody efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth and lung metastases in mice. It acts on both tumor cells, inhibiting Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, and immune populations, increasing intratumoral CD8?+?T cells and reducing FOXP3?+?Treg cells. CONCLUSION:Co-treatment of PDGFR? aptamer with anti-PD-L1 mAbs is a viable strategy, thus providing for the first time an evidence of the efficacy of PDGFR?/PD-L1 co-targeting combination therapy in TNBC.

Project description:BackgroundTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by poor prognosis and a lack of effective therapeutic agents owing to the absence of biomarkers. A high abundance of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) was associated with worse prognosis in malignant disease. Exploring the association between Treg cell infiltration and TNBC will provide new insights for understanding TNBC immunosuppression and may pave the way for developing novel immune-based treatments.Materials and methodsPatients from TCGA were divided into Treg-high (Treg-H) and Treg-low (Treg-L) groups based on the abundance of Tregs according to CIBERSORT analysis. The association between expression level of Tregs and the clinical characteristics as well as prognosis of breast cancer were evaluated. Next, a Treg-related prognostic model was established after survival-dependent univariate Cox and LASSO regression analysis, companied with an external GEO cohort validation. Then, GO, KEGG and GSEA analyses were performed between the Treg-H and Treg-L groups. Masson and Sirius red/Fast Green staining were applied for ECM characterization. Accordingly, Jurkat T cells were encapsulated in 3D collagen to mimic the ECM microenvironment, and the expression levels of CD4, FOXP3 and CD25 were quantified according to immunofluorescence staining.ResultsThe expression level of Tregs is significantly associated with the clinical characteristics of breast cancer patients, and a high level of Treg cell expression indicates a poor prognosis in TNBC. To further evaluate this, a Treg-related prognostic model was established that accurately predicted outcomes in both TCGA training and GEO validation cohorts of TNBC patients. Subsequently, ECM-associated signaling pathways were identified between the Treg-H and Treg-L groups, indicating the role of ECM in Treg infiltration. Since we found increasing collagen concentrations in TNBC patients with distant migration, we encapsulated Jurkat T cells within a 3D matrix with different collagen concentrations and observed that increasing collagen concentrations promoted the expression of Treg biomarkers, supporting the regulatory role of ECM in Treg infiltration.ConclusionOur results support the association between Treg expression and breast cancer progression as well as prognosis in the TNBC subtype. Moreover, increasing collagen density may promote Treg infiltration, and thus induce an immunosuppressed TME.

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FGFR blockade boosts T cell infiltration into triple-negative breast cancer by regulating cancer-associated fibroblasts

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