PIEZO1 transduces mechanical itch in mice.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hill RZ
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9259491 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Chronic itch is associated with sensitization of the somatosensory nervous system. Recent studies have identified the neural circuits transmitting acute itch; however, the mechanisms by which itch transforms into a pathological state remain largely unknown. We have previously shown that Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors, together with spinal urocortin 3-positive (Ucn3+) excitatory interneurons and neuropeptide Y-positive (NPY+) inhibitory interneurons, form a microcircuit that transmits and gates acute mechanical itch. Here, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we observed increased excitability in spinal Ucn3+ neurons under chronic itch conditions. In contrast to Ucn3+ neurons, the excitability of spinal NPY+ neurons was largely reduced under chronic itch conditions. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying sensitization of this microcircuit, we examined the mRNA expression levels of voltage-gated ion channels in recorded spinal Ucn3+ and NPY+ neurons by single-cell quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found that the expression levels of Nav1.6 and Cav2.3 channels were increased in spinal Ucn3+ neurons in chronic itch mice, while the expression level of SK3 channels was decreased. By contrast, the expression levels of Nav1.6 and BK channels were decreased in spinal NPY+ neurons in chronic itch mice. To determine the contribution of different ion channels in chronic itch sensitization, we then used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to parameterize a large number of biophysically distinct multicompartment models of Ucn3+ and NPY+ neurons. These models included explicit representations of the ion channels that we found to be up- or down-regulated under chronic itch conditions. Our models demonstrated that changes in Nav1.6 conductance are predominantly responsible for the changes in excitability of both Ucn3+ and NPY+ neurons during chronic itch pathogenesis. Furthermore, when simulating microcircuits of our Ucn3+ and NPY+ models, we found that reduced Nav1.6 conductance in NPY+ models played a major role in opening the itch gate under chronic itch conditions. However, changing SK, BK, or R-type calcium channel conductance had negligible effects on the sensitization of this circuit. Therefore, our results suggest that Nav1.6 channels may play an essential role in mechanical itch sensitization. The findings presented here may open a new avenue for developing pharmaceutical strategies to treat chronic itch.
| S-EPMC9244800 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mechanosensitive ion channels rely on membrane composition to transduce physical stimuli into electrical signals. The Piezo1 channel mediates mechanoelectrical transduction and regulates crucial physiological processes, including vascular architecture and remodeling, cell migration, and erythrocyte volume. The identity of the membrane components that modulate Piezo1 function remain largely unknown. Using lipid profiling analyses, we here identify dietary fatty acids that tune Piezo1 mechanical response. We find that margaric acid, a saturated fatty acid present in dairy products and fish, inhibits Piezo1 activation and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), present in fish oils, modulate channel inactivation. Force measurements reveal that margaric acid increases membrane bending stiffness, whereas PUFAs decrease it. We use fatty acid supplementation to abrogate the phenotype of gain-of-function Piezo1 mutations causing human dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Beyond Piezo1, our findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic lipid profile and changes in the fatty acid metabolism can dictate the cell's response to mechanical cues.
| S-EPMC6416271 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hypertrophic scar (HS) is an abnormal fibrous hyperplasia of the skin caused by excessive tissue repair in response to skin burns and trauma, which restricts physical function and impairs patients' quality of life. Numerous studies have shown that pressure garment therapy (PGT) is an effective treatment for preventing hypertrophic scars. Herein, we found that mechanical stress stimulates the neuropilin 1 (NRP1) expression through screening GSE165027, GSE137210, and GSE120194 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and bioinformatics analysis. We verified this stimulation in the human hypertrophic scar, pressure culture cell model, and rat tail-scar model. Mechanical compression increased LATS1 and pYAP enrichment, thus repressing the expression of YAP. Functionally, the knockdown of NRP1 promoted the expression of LATS1, thus decreasing the expression of YAP and inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that NRP1 binds to YAP, and mechanical compression disrupted this binding, which resulted in the promotion of YAP relocation to nuclear. In conclusion, our results indicated that NRP1 transduces mechanical force inhibition by inhibiting YAP expression. Mechanical pressure can release YAP bound to NRP1, which explains the phenomenon that mechanical stress increases YAP in the nucleus. Strategies targeting NRP1 may promote compression therapy with optimal and comfortable pressures.
| S-EPMC10499927 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mechanical loading, such as caused by exercise, stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts and increases bone strength, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Osteocytes reside in bone matrix, sense changes in mechanical load, and produce signals that alter bone formation by osteoblasts. We report that the ion channel Piezo1 is required for changes in gene expression induced by fluid shear stress in cultured osteocytes and stimulation of Piezo1 by a small molecule agonist is sufficient to replicate the effects of fluid flow on osteocytes. Conditional deletion of Piezo1 in osteoblasts and osteocytes notably reduced bone mass and strength in mice. Conversely, administration of a Piezo1 agonist to adult mice increased bone mass, mimicking the effects of mechanical loading. These results demonstrate that Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel by which osteoblast lineage cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical load and identify a novel target for anabolic bone therapy.
| S-EPMC6779475 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite acting as a barrier for the organs they encase, epithelial cells turn over at some of the fastest rates in the body. However, epithelial cell division must be tightly linked to cell death to preserve barrier function and prevent tumour formation. How does the number of dying cells match those dividing to maintain constant numbers? When epithelial cells become too crowded, they activate the stretch-activated channel Piezo1 to trigger extrusion of cells that later die. However, it is unclear how epithelial cell division is controlled to balance cell death at the steady state. Here we show that mammalian epithelial cell division occurs in regions of low cell density where cells are stretched. By experimentally stretching epithelia, we find that mechanical stretch itself rapidly stimulates cell division through activation of the Piezo1 channel. To stimulate cell division, stretch triggers cells that are paused in early G2 phase to activate calcium-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2, thereby activating the cyclin B transcription that is necessary to drive cells into mitosis. Although both epithelial cell division and cell extrusion require Piezo1 at the steady state, the type of mechanical force controls the outcome: stretch induces cell division, whereas crowding induces extrusion. How Piezo1-dependent calcium transients activate two opposing processes may depend on where and how Piezo1 is activated, as it accumulates in different subcellular sites with increasing cell density. In sparse epithelial regions in which cells divide, Piezo1 localizes to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, whereas in dense regions in which cells extrude, it forms large cytoplasmic aggregates. Because Piezo1 senses both mechanical crowding and stretch, it may act as a homeostatic sensor to control epithelial cell numbers, triggering extrusion and apoptosis in crowded regions and cell division in sparse regions.
| S-EPMC5334365 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several cell types experience repetitive mechanical stimuli, including vein endothelial cells during pulsating blood flow, inner ear hair cells upon sound exposure, and skin cells and their innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons when sweeping across a textured surface or touching a vibrating object. While mechanosensitive Piezo ion channels have been clearly implicated in sensing static touch, their roles in transducing repetitive stimulations are less clear. Here, we perform electrophysiological recordings of heterologously expressed mouse Piezo1 and Piezo2 responding to repetitive mechanical stimulations. We find that both channels function as pronounced frequency filters whose transduction efficiencies vary with stimulus frequency, waveform, and duration. We then use numerical simulations and human disease-related point mutations to demonstrate that channel inactivation is the molecular mechanism underlying frequency filtering and further show that frequency filtering is conserved in rapidly adapting mouse DRG neurons. Our results give insight into the potential contributions of Piezos in transducing repetitive mechanical stimuli.
| S-EPMC5646378 | biostudies-other
Project description:Macrophages are versatile cells of the innate immune system that perform diverse functions by responding to dynamic changes in their microenvironment. While the effects of soluble cues, including cytokines and chemokines, have been widely studied, the effects of physical cues, including mechanical stimuli, in regulating macrophage form and function are less well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of static and cyclic uniaxial stretch on macrophage inflammatory and healing activation. We found that cyclic stretch altered macrophage morphology and responses to IFNγ/LPS and IL4/IL13. Interestingly, we found that both static and cyclic stretch suppressed IFNγ/LPS induced inflammation. In contrast, IL4/IL13 mediated healing responses were suppressed with cyclic but enhanced with static stretch conditions. Mechanistically, both static and cyclic stretch increased expression of the integrin CD11b (αM integrin), decreased expression of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1, and knock down of either CD11b or Piezo1 through siRNA abrogated stretch-mediated changes in inflammatory responses. Moreover, we found that knock down of CD11b enhanced the expression of Piezo1, and conversely knock down of Piezo1 enhanced CD11b expression, suggesting the potential for crosstalk between integrins and ion channels. Finally, stretch-mediated differences in macrophage activation were also dependent on actin, since pharmacological inhibition of actin polymerization abrogated the changes in activation with stretch. Together, this study demonstrates that the physical environment synergizes with biochemical cues to regulate macrophage morphology and function, and suggests a role for CD11b and Piezo1 crosstalk in mechanotransduction in macrophages.
| S-EPMC8493066 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Wolff's law and the Utah Paradigm of skeletal physiology state that bone architecture adapts to mechanical loads. These models predict the existence of a mechanostat that links strain induced by mechanical forces to skeletal remodeling. However, how the mechanostat influences bone remodeling remains elusive. Here, we find that Piezo1 deficiency in osteoblastic cells leads to loss of bone mass and spontaneous fractures with increased bone resorption. Furthermore, Piezo1-deficient mice are resistant to further bone loss and bone resorption induced by hind limb unloading, demonstrating that PIEZO1 can affect osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk in response to mechanical forces. At the mechanistic level, in response to mechanical loads, PIEZO1 in osteoblastic cells controls the YAP-dependent expression of type II and IX collagens. In turn, these collagen isoforms regulate osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, our data identify PIEZO1 as the major skeletal mechanosensor that tunes bone homeostasis.
| S-EPMC6962448 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obesity is primarily caused by excessive intake as well as absorption of sugar and lipid. Postprandial surge in distention pressure and intestinal motility accelerates the absorption of nutrients. The response of intestinal epithelial cells to mechanical stimulation is not fully understood. Piezo1, a mechanosensitive ion channel, is widely expressed throughout the digestive tract. However, its function in intestinal nutrient absorption is not yet clear. In our study, excessive lipid deposition was observed in the duodenum of obese patients, while duodenal Piezo1-CaMKK2-AMPKα was decreased when compared to normal-weight individuals. Under high-fat diet condition, the Piezo1 iKO mice exhibited abnormally elevated sugar and lipid absorption as well as severe lipid deposition in the duodenum and liver. These phenotypes were mainly caused by the inhibition of duodenal CaMKK2-AMPKα and the upregulation of SGLT1 and DGAT2. In contrast, Yoda1, a Piezo1 agonist, was found to reduce intestinal lipid absorption in diet induced obese mice. Overexpression of Piezo1, stretch and Yoda1 inhibited lipid accumulation and the expression of DGAT2 and SGLT1, whereas knockdown of Piezo1 stimulated lipid accumulation and DGAT2 in Caco-2 cells. Our study reveals a previously unexplored mechanical regulation of nutrient absorption in intestinal epithelial cells, which may shed new light on the therapy of obesity.
| S-EPMC11365390 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background & aimsPIEZO1 and TRPV4 are mechanically and osmotically regulated calcium-permeable channels. The aim of this study was to determine the relevance and relationship of these channels in the contractile tone of the hepatic portal vein, which experiences mechanical and osmotic variations as it delivers blood to the liver from the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.MethodsWall tension was measured in freshly dissected portal veins from adult male mice, which were genetically unmodified or modified for either a non-disruptive tag in native PIEZO1 or endothelial-specific PIEZO1 deletion. Pharmacological agents were used to activate or inhibit PIEZO1, TRPV4 and associated pathways, including Yoda1 and Yoda2 for PIEZO1 and GSK1016790A for TRPV4 agonism, respectively.ResultsPIEZO1 activation leads to nitric oxide synthase- and endothelium-dependent relaxation of the portal vein. TRPV4 activation causes contraction, which is also endothelium-dependent but independent of nitric oxide synthase. The TRPV4-mediated contraction is suppressed by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases and mimicked by prostaglandin E2 , suggesting mediation by arachidonic acid metabolism. TRPV4 antagonism inhibits the effect of agonising TRPV4 but not PIEZO1. Increased wall stretch and hypo-osmolality inhibit TRPV4 responses while lacking effects on or amplifying PIEZO1 responses.ConclusionsThe portal vein contains independently functioning PIEZO1 channels and TRPV4 channels in the endothelium, the pharmacological activation of which leads to opposing effects of vessel relaxation (PIEZO1) and contraction (TRPV4). In mechanical and osmotic strain, the PIEZO1 mechanism dominates. Modulators of these channels could present important new opportunities for manipulating liver perfusion and regeneration in disease and surgical procedures.
| S-EPMC10946873 | biostudies-literature