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A millimeter-scale insight into formation mechanism of lacustrine black shale in tephra deposition background.

ABSTRACT: To reveal the role of tephra in the deposition of black shale during periods of volcanic activity, we performed lithostratigraphic and geochemical analyses on 14 horizontally sliced samples drilled from a 2-cm-thick black shale interval in the lower Ch7 Member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, southern Ordos Basin. Results indicate that fewer plankton is preserved during tephra deposition than during periods of volcanic quiescence. With the decrease of volcanic activities and tephra deposition, the abundance of redox-sensitive trace elements (RSTEs) and biolimiting elements increases, while terrigenous elements gradually decrease, resulting in the improvement of organic matter (OM) preservation. Paleoenvironmental proxies suggest that the climate during the Late Triassic was generally warm and humid. However, subsequent intense volcanic eruptions may have caused climatic cooling that affected the water column, resulting in enhanced salinity, primary production, water stratification, and bottom water anoxia, leading to enhanced organic carbon production and preservation. Primary productivity and redox conditions controlled the accumulation of organic carbon. Although physical and chemical reactions relating to the deposition of tephra into water are short-lived, climate change induced by volcanic eruptions is the critical cause of black shale formation.

SUBMITTER: Lin S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9262940 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Pyrite is a common mineral in sedimentary rocks and is widely distributed in a variety of different morphologies and sizes. Pyrite is also widely distributed in the Es3x shale of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. A combination of geochemical and petrographic studies has been applied to address the formation and distribution of pyrite in the Es3x shale. The methods include thin section analysis to identify the representative samples of the shale-containing pyrite, total organic carbon (TOC) content analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, electron probe micro-analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with the energy dispersive spectrometer, to observe the characteristics, morphology, and distribution of pyrite in the lacustrine shale. The content of pyrite in the Es3x shale ranges from 1.4 to 11.2% with an average content of 3.42%. The average contents of TOC and total organic sulfur (TS) are 3.48 and 2.53 wt %, respectively. Various types of pyrites are observed during the detailed FE-SEM investigations including pyrite framboids, euhedral pyrite, welded pyrite, pyrite microcrystals, and framework pyrite. Pyrite framboids are densely packed sphere-shaped masses of submicron-scale pyrite crystals with subordinate large-sized euhedral crystals of pyrite. Welded pyrite forms due to the overgrowth and alteration of pyrite crystals within the larger pyrite framboids. Pyrite microcrystals are the euhedral-shaped microcrystals of pyrite. The framework pyrite is also observed and is formed due to the pyritization of plant/algal tissues. Based on the growth mechanism, the pyrites can be divided into syngenetic pyrites, early diagenetic pyrites, and late diagenetic pyrites. The presence of pyrite, especially the abundance of pyrite framboids, suggests that the environment during the Es3x shale deposition in the lacustrine basin was anoxic. Their dominant smaller size suggests the presence of an euxinic water column, which is consistent with the lack of in-place biota and high TOC contents. This research work not only helps to understand the pyrite mineralization, role of organic matter, and reactive iron in pyrite formation in the shale but also helps to interpret the paleoredox conditions during the deposition of shale. This research work can also be helpful to other researchers who can apply these methods and conclusions to studying shale in other similar basins worldwide.

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A millimeter-scale insight into formation mechanism of lacustrine black shale in tephra deposition background.

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