Multi-vessel spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient with aortic dissection: a case report.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome that is often misdiagnosed.Case summary
We describe a case of multi-vessel SCAD in a 73-year-old patient with no evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia that is presented with Type A aortic dissection after undergoing an ascending aorta and aortic arch replacement with stent placement in the abdominal aorta. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention with cutting balloons and drug-eluting stent implantation helped wean the patient off extracorporeal membrane oxygenation successfully.Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multi-vessel SCAD presenting concomitantly with aortic dissection. More research is needed to help understand the pathophysiology of the two conditions as well as possible links between them.
SUBMITTER: Alyamani M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9263159 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundSpontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a frequently underdiagnosed entity that carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and, the majority of SCAD patients are young healthy women.Case summaryA 23-year-old female G5P4 presented to the emergency room for severe sub-sternal chest pain, associated with shortness of breath. Past medical history was significant for pre-eclampsia. Initial electrocardiogram was remarkable for ST depressions in V5-V6 with inverted T waves to V1-V2. Troponin I was elevated to 1.13 ng/mL. Two-dimensional echo showed reduced left ventricular function with an ejection fraction of 40%. Cardiac catheterization showed triple vessel dissection involving the left main trunk extending into mid-left anterior descending and dissection extending from ostium of left circumflex artery into large first obtuse marginal branch. She was started on aspirin and heparin. After 48 h she was loaded with clopidogrel. Computed tomography angiography of head, neck, abdomen, and pelvis showed findings compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia. She was haemodynamically stable and symptom free and did not want surgery. She was recommended to continue dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months and subsequently aspirin and beta blocker only lifelong.DiscussionSpontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare condition which is underdiagnosed. A thorough history and high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose in a timely manner and it should be high on differential in a postpartum female presenting with signs and symptoms of ACS.
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Project description:BackgroundSpontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent and often misdiagnosis of a non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It is an important cause of ACS in young women, responsible for up to 25% of all cases in women <50 years of age without cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical presentation ranges from ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. The treatment of patients with SCAD is a challenge and the ideal management strategy has yet to be determined.Case summaryA 42-year-old woman without family history of cardiac disease and neither traditional atherosclerotic risk factors presented to our centre with an anterior acute ST-segment-elevation MI secondary to multiple spontaneous dissections of the left main, anterior descending, and ramus intermedius coronary arteries. Stenting was performed in the left anterior descending coronary artery and left main coronary artery to resolve its occlusion. Fibromuscular dysplasia was confirmed via computed tomography angiography.DiscussionMore cases are now being identified of SCAD due to increased clinical index of suspicion, earlier use of invasive angiography, and intracoronary imaging in patients presenting with acute chest pain. Despite this, the absence of previous cardiovascular risk factors and the ignorance of this pathology delay the start of an adequate medical treatment and the performance of a cardiac catheterization. Prognostic data are limited, partly because of its underdiagnosis and lack of prospective studies, so its knowledge is necessary to improve the prognosis of these patients.
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Project description:BackgroundSpontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has gained attention as an important cause of acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death (SCD) among women. Management strategies of SCAD differ from those of atherosclerotic disease. There is an elevated risk of complications and suboptimal outcomes in patients with SCAD undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs).Case summaryA 48-year-old woman without any traditional cardiovascular risk factors was admitted with severe central chest pain with associated dyspnoea and diaphoresis. The patient had a strong family history of SCD, affecting three female members in their 40s and 50s. Cardiac troponins were elevated. Coronary angiogram showed moderate to severe stenosis of the proximal circumflex coronary artery. Optical coherence tomography confirmed SCAD with sub-intimal haematoma. Despite significant stenosis in the proximal segment of a relatively large artery, a decision was made not to proceed with PCI. The follow-up angiogram demonstrated normal coronaries. Magnetic resonance imaging of renal arteries showed features suggestive of fibromuscular dysplasia affecting the right renal artery. Subsequent genetic counselling and gene testing were unremarkable.DiscussionConservative management of SCAD is recommended because the large majority of SCAD lesions heal naturally, whereas PCI is associated with increased risk of complications and adverse outcomes. Whether SCAD is associated with the sudden death events in our patient's family remains unclear. It certainly raises concerns as to an inheritable condition. In the absence of post-mortem findings in her family members, we can only speculate about this representing a possible inheritable form of SCAD.
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