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An investigation of bubble resonance and its implications for sound production by deep-water fishes

ABSTRACT: Although the continental slope and abyss comprise the largest habitat on earth, the absence of documented fish sounds from deep waters is striking. Fishes with sexually dimorphic muscles attached to their swim bladders suggests that sounds are likely used in male courtship on the upper, mid and lower continental slope. To investigate the effects of environmental extremes on fish sound production, the acoustic behavior of a driven bubble is examined. This study is also relevant to target strength of sonar returns from fish and hearing in auditory specialist fishes. A bubble is a classic, if imperfect, model for swim bladder behavior since the swim-bladder wall is an anisotropic viscoelastic structure responsible for rapid damping. Acoustic properties of bubbles–including far-field resonant frequency, damping factor, and quality factor–are calculated in warm and cold surface conditions and in cold deep-water (depths 1000 m, 2000 m, and 3500 m) conditions using parameters for oxygen and nitrogen, the dominant gases in swim bladders. The far-field resonant frequency and damping factor of a bubble increase with depth, and the scattering cross-section and quality factor decrease with depth. These acoustic properties scale with undamped oscillation frequency of the bubble and do not vary significantly due to gas type or temperature. Bubbles in the deep-water environments are much less efficient radiators of sound than bubbles near the surface because the far-field radiated power for the same excitation decreases with depth. A bubble at depth 3500 m has a 25 dB loss in radiated sound power compared to the same-radius bubble at the surface. This reduction of radiation efficiency in deep water likely contributes to the absence of fish sound recordings in those environments.

SUBMITTER: Sprague M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9275728 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Respiratory motion management is crucial for high-resolution MRI of the heart, lung, liver and kidney. In this article, respiration guide using acoustic sound generated by pulsed gradient waveforms was introduced in the pulmonary ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequence and validated by comparing with retrospective respiratory gating techniques. The validated sound-guided respiration was implemented in non-contrast enhanced renal angiography. In the sound-guided respiration, breathe-in and-out instruction sounds were generated with sinusoidal gradient waveforms with two different frequencies (602 and 321 Hz). Performance of the sound-guided respiration was evaluated by measuring sharpness of the lung-liver interface with a 10-90% rise distance, w10-90, and compared with three respiratory motion managements in a free-breathing UTE scan: without respiratory gating (w/o gating), 0-dimensional k-space navigator (k-point navigator), and image-based self-gating (Img-SG). The sound-guided respiration was implemented in stack-of-stars balanced steady-state free precession with inversion recovery preparation for renal angiography. No subjects reported any discomfort or inconvenience with the sound-guided respiration in pulmonary or renal MRI scans. The lung-liver interface of the UTE images for sound-guided respiration (w10-90 = 6.99 ± 2.90 mm), k-point navigator (8.51 ± 2.71 mm), and Img-SG (7.01 ± 2.06 mm) was significantly sharper than that for w/o gating (17.13 ± 2.91 mm; p < 0.0001 for all of sound-guided respiration, k-point navigator and Img-SG). Sharpness of the lung-liver interface was comparable between sound-guided respiration and Img-SG (p = 0.99), but sound-guided respiration achieved better visualization of pulmonary vasculature. Renal angiography with the sound-guided respiration clearly delineated renal, segmental and interlobar arteries. In conclusion, the gradient sound guided respiration can facilitate a consistent diaphragm position in every breath and achieve performance of respiratory motion management comparable to image-based self-gating.

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An investigation of bubble resonance and its implications for sound production by deep-water fishes

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