Increase in short telomeres during the third trimester in human placenta.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Edelson PK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9278733 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundThe human placenta is a rapidly developing organ that undergoes structural and functional changes throughout the pregnancy. Our objectives were to investigate the differences in global gene expression profile, the expression of imprinted genes and the effect of smoking in first and third trimester normal human placentas.Materials and methodsPlacental samples were collected from 21 women with uncomplicated pregnancies delivered at term and 16 healthy women undergoing termination of pregnancy at 9-12 weeks gestation. Placental gene expression profile was evaluated by Human Genome Survey Microarray v.2.0 (Applied Biosystems) and real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsAlmost 25% of the genes spotted on the array (n?=?7519) were differentially expressed between first and third trimester placentas. Genes regulating biological processes involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and angiogenesis were up-regulated in the first trimester; whereas cell surface receptor mediated signal transduction, G-protein mediated signalling, ion transport, neuronal activities and chemosensory perception were up-regulated in the third trimester. Pathway analysis showed that brain and placenta might share common developmental routes. Principal component analysis based on the expression of 17 imprinted genes showed a clear separation of first and third trimester placentas, indicating that epigenetic modifications occur throughout pregnancy. In smokers, a set of genes encoding oxidoreductases were differentially expressed in both trimesters.ConclusionsDifferences in global gene expression profile between first and third trimester human placenta reflect temporal changes in placental structure and function. Epigenetic rearrangements in the human placenta seem to occur across gestation, indicating the importance of environmental influence in the developing feto-placental unit.
| S-EPMC3307733 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Strong evidence implicates maternal phthalate exposure during pregnancy in contributing to adverse birth outcomes. Recent research suggests these effects might be mediated through the improper regulation of DNA methylation in offspring tissue. In this study, we examined associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and DNA methylation in human placenta. We recruited 181 mother-newborn pairs (80 fetal growth restriction newborns, 101 normal newborns) in Wenzhou, China and measured third trimester urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and placental DNA methylation levels of IGF2 and AHRR. We found urinary concentrations of mono (2-ethyl-5- hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were significantly inversely associated with placental IGF2 DNA methylation. The associations were much more evident in fetal growth restriction (FGR) newborns than those in normal newborns. These findings suggest that changes in placental DNA methylation might be part of the underlying biological pathway between prenatal phthalate exposure and adverse fetal growth.
| S-EPMC5031987 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Limited data exist regarding the course of abnormally invasive placentation (AIP) (=placenta accreta spectrum (PAS)) during the 2nd and 3rd trimester, although this knowledge would be important for optimal patient care. In this retrospective single-center longitudinal cohort study, potential aggravation of AIP was evaluated in 37 patients with ultrasound (US) pictures stored on a minimum of two visits. Five raters, blinded to diagnosis and gestational age, judged the degree of AIP as recommended by the International Society for PAS. The probability of invasiveness was estimated as absent, low, intermediate, severe (0-3 points), the extent as absent, focal, diffuse (0-2 points), and the presence and appearance of each US-sign as absent, mild, severe (0-3 points). None of the 10 judged signs appeared more severe (p ≥ 0.41) with progressing pregnancy. Neither the number of positively scored US-signs (earlier scan; 6.14 ± 2.06, later scan; 5.94 ± 2.16; p = 0.28), nor the estimated probability & extent of AIP rose (3.69 ± 1.15 vs. 3.67 ± 1.22; p = 1.0). Test-retest reliability corroborated excellent agreement between visits (mean number of positive US-signs ICC (3,1) = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.97; p < 0.0001). Overall, there was no clinically detectable increase in invasiveness over the course of the 2nd and 3rd trimester. This should be further evaluated in prospective studies.
| S-EPMC8584941 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Previously, we demonstrated the expression of apelin and G-protein-coupled receptor APJ in human placenta cell lines as well as its direct action on placenta cell proliferation and endocrinology. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of apelin on placenta apoptosis in BeWo cells and villous explants from the human third trimester of pregnancy. The BeWo cells and villous explants were incubated with apelin (2 and 20 ng/mL) alone or with staurosporine for 24 to 72 h. First, we analysed the dose- and time-dependent effect of apelin on the expression of apoptotic factors on the mRNA level by real-time PCR and on the protein level using Western blot. Next, we checked caspase 3 and 7 activity by Caspase-Glo 3/7, DNA fragmentation by the Cell Death Detection ELISA kit and oxygen consumption by the MitoXpress-Xtra Oxygen Consumption assay. We found that apelin increased the expression of pro-survival and decreased proapoptotic factors on mRNA and protein levels in both BeWo cells and villous explants. Additionally, apelin inhibited caspase 3 and 7 activity and DNA fragmentation in staurosporine-induced apoptosis as also attenuated oxidative stress by increasing extracellular oxygen consumption. The antiapoptotic effect of apelin in BeWo cells was mediated by the APJ receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2/MAP3/1) and protein kinase B (AKT). The obtained results showed the antiapoptotic effect of apelin on trophoblast cells, suggesting its participation in the development of the placenta.
| S-EPMC7967155 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:It is well established that obesity is associated with dysregulation of the ratio between the two major adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Furthermore, it was recently reported that maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. Leptin and adiponectin are present at the fetal-maternal interface and are involved in the development of a functional placenta. However, less is known about leptin and adiponectin's involvement in the placental alterations described in obese women. Hence, the objective of the present study was to characterize the placental expression and DNA methylation of these two adipokine systems (ligands and receptors) in obese women. RESULTS:Biopsies were collected from the fetal and maternal sides of third-trimester placenta in obese and non-obese (control) women. In both groups, leptin levels were higher on the fetal side than the maternal side, suggesting that this cytokine has a pivotal role in fetal growth. Secondly, maternal obesity (in the absence of gestational diabetes) was associated with (i) elevated DNA methylation of the leptin promoter on fetal side only, (ii) hypomethylation of the adiponectin promoter on the maternal side only, (iii) significantly low levels of leptin receptor protein (albeit in the absence of differences in mRNA levels and promoter DNA methylation), (iv) significantly low levels of adiponectin receptor 1 mRNA expression on the maternal side only, and (v) elevated DNA methylation of the adiponectin receptor 2 promoter on the maternal side only. CONCLUSION:Our present results showed that maternal obesity is associated with the downregulation of both leptin/adiponectin systems in term placenta, and thus a loss of the beneficial effects of these two adipokines on placental development. Maternal obesity was also associated with epigenetic changes in leptin and adiponectin systems; this highlighted the molecular mechanisms involved in the placenta's adaptation to a harmful maternal environment.
| S-EPMC6367801 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human placenta bulk mRNA-sequencing from n=124 first trimester (59 female, 65 male) and n=43 third trimester (18 female, 25 male) tissue samples. A subset of 23 pregnancies has matched placenta tissue collected at both first and third trimester. Tissue was collected at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, USA. First trimester placenta was collected at gestational ages of 70-100 days from leftover tissue from chorionic villus sampling for prenatal genetic diagnosis, after cleaning to remove maternal decidua. Third trimester placenta was collected after delivery at gestational ages 254-290 days from the fetal side near the umbilical cord insertion site beneath the amnion. Tissue was stored in RNAlater RNA Stabilization Solution (Invitrogen) at -80C until further processing. All pregnancies were conceived without fertility treatments, were normal karyotype, and resulted in live singleton births. Mothers with pre-existing diabetes or hypertension were excluded from the study, but not excluded if complications developed during pregnancy, though most pregnancies were uncomplicated. The average parental age was advanced (over 35 years old) but principal components analysis did not show clustering by either maternal or paternal age. RNA extraction was performed with physical homogenization of tissue followed by the AllPrep DNA/RNA/miRNA Universal Kit (QIAGEN), then 1 ug of the total RNA elution was used for library construction using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA library preparation kit (Illumina), with polyA mRNA selection then cDNA synthesis using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and random primers. The cDNA was converted into double stranded DNA and PCR-amplified, then purified with Agencourt AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter). Sample libraries were multiplexed and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina) using 75bp single-end mRNA-sequencing, with average 30 million reads per sample. Differential expression analysis was performed with DEseq2 to compare first versus third trimester placenta, adjusted for fetal sex [PubMed ID: 38271627]. Subanalyses were also performed to identify sex differences.
2024-01-31 | GSE247382 | GEO
Project description:BACKGROUND:Development of the placenta during the late first trimester is critical to ensure normal growth and development of the fetus. Developmental differences in this window such as sex-specific variation are implicated in later placental disease states, yet gene expression at this time is poorly understood. METHODS:RNA-sequencing was performed to characterize the transcriptome of 39 first trimester human placentas using chorionic villi following genetic testing (17 females, 22 males). Gene enrichment analysis was performed to find enriched canonical pathways and gene ontologies in the first trimester. DESeq2 was used to find sexually dimorphic gene expression. Patient demographics were analyzed for sex differences in fetal weight at time of chorionic villus sampling and birth. RESULTS:RNA-sequencing analyses detected 14,250 expressed genes, with chromosome 19 contributing the greatest proportion (973/2852, 34.1% of chromosome 19 genes) and Y chromosome contributing the least (16/568, 2.8%). Several placenta-enriched genes as well as histone-coding genes were identified to be unique to the first trimester and common to both sexes. Further, we identified 58 genes with significantly different expression between males and females: 25 X-linked, 15 Y-linked, and 18 autosomal genes. Genes that escape X inactivation were highly represented (59.1%) among X-linked genes upregulated in females. Many genes differentially expressed by sex consisted of X/Y gene pairs, suggesting that dosage compensation plays a role in sex differences. These X/Y pairs had roles in parallel, ancient canonical pathways important for eukaryotic cell growth and survival: chromatin modification, transcription, splicing, and translation. CONCLUSIONS:This study is the first characterization of the late first trimester placenta transcriptome, highlighting similarities and differences among the sexes in ongoing human pregnancies resulting in live births. Sexual dimorphism may contribute to pregnancy outcomes, including fetal growth and birth weight, which was seen in our cohort, with males significantly heavier than females at birth. This transcriptome provides a basis for development of early diagnostic tests of placental function that can indicate overall pregnancy heath, fetal-maternal health, and long-term adult health.
| S-EPMC5769539 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The impact of pregnancy on efavirenz (EFV) pharmacokinetics is unknown. METHODS:International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials P1026s is an on-going, prospective, nonblinded study of antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 600 mg EFV once daily as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. Intensive steady-state 24-hour blood sampling was performed during the third trimester and at 6-12 weeks postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were drawn at delivery. Pharmacokinetics targets were the estimated 10th percentile EFV area under the curve (AUC) in nonpregnant historical controls (40.0 mcg·hr(-1)·mL(-1)) and a trough concentration of 1 mcg/mL. RESULTS:Twenty-five women were enrolled during the third trimester: median (range) age was 29.3 (18.9-42.9) years, weight 69.0 (40-130) kg, and gestational age 32.9 (30.1-38.7) weeks. Median (range) EFV AUC(0-24), C(max), and C(24 hours) were 55.4 mcg·hr(-1)·mL(-1) (13.5-220.3), 5.4 mcg/mL (1.9-12.2), and 1.6 mcg/mL (0.23-8.13), respectively. EFV AUC and C(max) did not differ during pregnancy and postpartum but C(24 hours) was lower during the third trimester (1.6 vs. 2.1 mcg/mL, P = 0.01). During the third trimester, 5 of 25 (20%) women had an EFV AUC below the target and 3 of 25 (12%) had a trough concentration below 1 mcg/mL. EFV cord blood/maternal concentration ratio was 0.49 (0.37-0.74). All women had a HIV-1 RNA viral load less than 400 copies per milliliter at delivery and 19 (76%) had a viral load below 50 copies per milliliter. One child was perinatally HIV infected. Three women were exposed to EFV throughout the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. EFV was well tolerated, and among the 25 infants, no congenital anomalies or newborn complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS:Changes in EFV pharmacokinetics during pregnancy compared with postpartum are not sufficiently large enough to warrant a dose adjustment during pregnancy.
| S-EPMC3288559 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Peripheral blood telomere length has been associated with age-related conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This suggests that telomere length may identify subjects at increased risk of AD. Thus, we investigated the associations of peripheral blood telomere length with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a putative precursor of AD, among Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants who were prospectively followed for incident aMCI. We matched 137 incident aMCI cases (mean age 81.1 years, [range 70.9-90.8]; 49.6% men) by age and sex to 137 cognitively normal controls. We measured telomere length (T/S ratio) at baseline using quantitative PCR. Compared to the middle T/S quintile (Q3), the risk of aMCI was elevated for subjects with the shortest (Q1: HR, 2.85, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.98, 8.25; p=0.05) and the longest telomere lengths (Q5: HR, 5.58, 95%CI, 2.21, 14.11; p=0.0003). In this elderly cohort, short and long telomeres were associated with increased risk of aMCI. Our findings suggest that both long and short telomere lengths may play a role in the pathogenesis of aMCI, and may be markers of increased risk of aMCI.
| S-EPMC4310802 | biostudies-other
Project description:Haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor short stature homeobox (SHOX) manifests as a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from disproportionate short stature and Madelung deformity to isolated short stature. Here, we describe five infants with molecularly confirmed diagnoses of SHOX haploinsufficiency who presented in utero with short long bones during routine antenatal scanning from as early as 19 weeks gestation. Other foetal growth parameters were normal. The molecular basis of SHOX haploinsufficiency was distinct in each case. In four cases, SHOX haploinsufficiency was inherited from a previously undiagnosed parent. In our de novo case, SHOX haploinsufficiency reflected the formation of a derivative sex chromosome during paternal meiosis. Final adult height in the SHOX-deficient parents ranged from -1.9 to -1.2 SDS. All affected parents had disproportionately short limbs and two affected mothers had bilateral Madelung deformity. To our knowledge, SHOX haploinsufficiency has not previously been reported to present in utero. Our experience illustrates that SHOX deficiency should form part of the differential diagnosis of foetal short long bones and suggests a low threshold for genetic testing. This should be particularly targeted at, but not limited to, families with a history of features suggestive of SHOX deficiency. Data on the postnatal growth of our index cases is presented which demonstrates that antenatal presentation of SHOX haploinsufficiency is not indicative of severe postnatal growth restriction. Early identification of SHOX deficiency will enable accurate genetic counselling reflecting a good postnatal outcome and facilitate optimal initiation of growth hormone therapy.
| S-EPMC5839025 | biostudies-literature