Mode of action of fluopyram in plant-parasitic nematodes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Schleker ASS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9279378 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Plant parasitic nematode genome sequencing
| PRJNA308318 | ENA
Project description:It is certainly difficult to estimate productivity losses due to the action of phytopathogenic nematodes but it might be about 12 % of world agricultural production. Although there are numerous tools to reduce the effect of these nematodes, there is growing concern about their environmental impact. Lysobacter enzymogenes B25 is an effective biological control agent against plant-parasitic nematodes, showing control over root-knot nematodes (RKN) such as Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica. In this paper, the efficacy of B25 to control RKN infestation in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Durinta) is described. The bacterium was applied 4 times at an average of concentration around 108 CFU/mL showing an efficacy of 50-95 % depending on the population and the pressure of the pathogen. Furthermore, the control activity of B25 was comparable to that of the reference chemical used. L. enzymogenes B25 is hereby characterized, and its mode of action studied, focusing on different mechanisms that include motility, the production of lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites and the induction of plant defenses. The presence of M. incognita increased the twitching motility of B25. In addition, cell-free supernatants obtained after growing B25, in both poor and rich media, showed efficacy in inhibiting RKN egg hatching in vitro. This nematicidal activity was sensitive to high temperatures, suggesting that it is mainly due to extracellular lytic enzymes. The secondary metabolites heat-stable antifungal factor and alteramide A/B were identified in the culture filtrate and their contribution to the nematicidal activity of B25 is discussed. This study points out L. enzymogenes B25 as a promising biocontrol microorganism against nematode infestation of plants and a good candidate to develop a sustainable nematicidal product.
| S-EPMC9988411 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In order to study the similarities and differences in embryonic development between plant-parasitic nematodes and free-living nematodes, we performed RNA-seq on embryos of three plant-parasitic nematodes at a total of 11 stages from the single-cell stage to the J1 stage
2024-05-25 | GSE268038 | GEO
Project description:Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), such as root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and cyst nematodes (CNs), are among the most devastating pests in agriculture. RKNs and CNs induce redifferentiation of root cells into feeding cells, which provide water and nutrients to these nematodes. Plants trigger immune responses to PPN infection by recognizing PPN invasion through several different but complementary systems. Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) sderived from PPNs by cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Plants can also recognize tissue and cellular damage caused by invasion or migration of PPNs through PRR-based recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Resistant plants have the added ability to recognize PPN effectors via intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type immune receptors, leading to NLR-triggered immunity. Some PRRs may also recognize apoplastic PPN effectors and induce PTI. Plant immune responses against PPNs include the secretion of anti-nematode enzymes, the production of anti-nematode compounds, cell wall reinforcement, production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and hypersensitive response-mediated cell death. In this review, we summarize the recognition mechanisms for PPN infection and what is known about PPN-induced immune responses in plants.
| S-EPMC6775239 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The study of invertebrate-and particularly nematode-viruses is emerging with the advancement of transcriptome sequencing. Five single-stranded RNA viruses have now been confirmed within the economically important soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). From previous research, we know these viruses to be widespread in greenhouse and field populations of SCN. Several of the SCN viruses were also confirmed within clover (H. trifolii) and beet (H. schachtii) cyst nematodes. In the presented study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of several inbred SCN populations and identified two previously undiscovered viral-like genomes. Both of these proposed viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses and have been named SCN nyami-like virus (NLV) and SCN bunya-like virus (BLV). Finally, we analyzed publicly available transcriptome data of two potato cyst nematode (PCN) species, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. From these data, a third potential virus was discovered and called PCN picorna-like virus (PLV). PCN PLV is a positive-sense RNA virus, and to the best of our knowledge, is the first virus described within PCN. The presence of these novel viruses was confirmed via qRT-PCR, endpoint PCR, and Sanger sequencing with the exception of PCN PLV due to quarantine restrictions on the nematode host. While much work needs to be done to understand the biological and evolutionary significance of these viruses, they offer insight into nematode ecology and the possibility of novel nematode management strategies.
| S-EPMC5839581 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cyst nematodes (CNs) are an important group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that severely damage many crop plants worldwide. An infective CN juvenile enters the host's roots and migrates towards the vascular cylinder, where it induces the formation of syncytial feeding cells, which nourish the CN throughout its parasitic stages. Here, we examined the role of glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) in Arabidopsis thaliana on infection with the CN Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis lines with mutations pad2, cad2, or zir1 in the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GSH1) gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, displayed enhanced CN susceptibility, but susceptibility was reduced for rax1, another GSH1 allele. Biochemical analysis revealed differentially altered thiol levels in these mutants that was independent of nematode infection. All glutathione-deficient mutants exhibited impaired activation of defence marker genes as well as genes for biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound camalexin early in infection. Further analysis revealed a link between glutathione-mediated plant resistance to CN infection and the production of camalexin on nematode infection. These results suggest that glutathione levels affect plant resistance to CN by fine-tuning the balance between the cellular redox environment and the production of compounds related to defence against infection.
| S-EPMC9190975 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The plant-parasitic nematodes are considered as one of the most destructive pests, from which the migratory and sedentary endoparasitic plant parasitic nematodes infect more than 4000 plant species and cause over $100 billion crop losses annually worldwide. These nematodes use multiple strategies to infect their host and to establish a successful parasitism inside the host such as cell-wall degradation enzymes, inhibition of host defense proteins, and molecular mimicry. In the present study, the main parasitism-associated gene families were identified and compared between the migratory and sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. The results showed that the migratory and sedentary endoparasitic nematodes share a core conserved parasitism mechanism established throughout the evolution of parasitism. However, genes involved in pectin degradation and hydrolase activity are rapidly evolving in the migratory endoparasitic nematodes. Additionally, cell-wall degrading enzymes such as GH45 cellulases and pectate lyase and peptidase and peptidase inhibitors were expanded in the migratory endoparasitic nematodes. The molecular mimicry mechanism was another key finding that differs between the endoparasitic and sedentary parasitic nematodes. The PL22 gene family, which is believed to play a significant role in the molecular mechanisms of nematode parasitism, has been found to be present exclusively in migratory endoparasitic nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis has suggested that it was de novo born in these nematodes. This discovery sheds new light on the molecular evolution of these parasites and has significant implications for our understanding of their biology and pathogenicity. This study contributes to our understanding of core parasitism mechanisms conserved throughout the nematodes and provides unique clues on the evolution of parasitism and the direction shaped by the host.
| S-EPMC10866927 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Morphological and molecular analyses of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) from 12 sugarcane plantation sites of Tanganyika Planting Company (TPC) Limited in Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania revealed the presence of six PPN genera, i.e. Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Scutellonema, and Tylenchorhynchus. The genera with the highest densities and present in virtually all samples were Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus, and the most important species appeared to be R. parvus, P. zeae, T. crassicaudatus, and T. ventrosignatus. A total sequences of 11 partial ITS, 15 D2-D3 of 28S, and 6 partial 18S of rRNA gene, and 7 partial COI gene of mtDNA of these species were obtained in this study. Morphology and molecular data comparisons between the Tanzanian R. parvus and the South African R. parvus indicated that R. parvus is a cryptic species complex. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyses of T. crassicaudatus and T. agri from China, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Niger and the USA, T. agri syn. n. is proposed as a junior synonym of T. crassicaudatus.Morphological and molecular analyses of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) from 12 sugarcane plantation sites of Tanganyika Planting Company (TPC) Limited in Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania revealed the presence of six PPN genera, i.e. Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Scutellonema, and Tylenchorhynchus. The genera with the highest densities and present in virtually all samples were Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus, and the most important species appeared to be R. parvus, P. zeae, T. crassicaudatus, and T. ventrosignatus. A total sequences of 11 partial ITS, 15 D2-D3 of 28S, and 6 partial 18S of rRNA gene, and 7 partial COI gene of mtDNA of these species were obtained in this study. Morphology and molecular data comparisons between the Tanzanian R. parvus and the South African R. parvus indicated that R. parvus is a cryptic species complex. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyses of T. crassicaudatus and T. agri from China, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Niger and the USA, T. agri syn. n. is proposed as a junior synonym of T. crassicaudatus.
| S-EPMC7366841 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn hyperspecialized parasites, the ability to grow on a particular host relies on specific virulence factors called effectors. These excreted proteins are involved in the molecular mechanisms of parasitism and distinguish virulent pathogens from non-virulent related species. The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are major plant-parasitic nematodes developing on numerous solanaceous species including potato. Their close relatives, G. tabacum and G. mexicana are stimulated by potato root diffusate but unable to establish a feeding site on this plant host.ResultsRNA sequencing was used to characterize transcriptomic differences among these four Globodera species and to identify genes associated with host specificity. We identified seven transcripts that were unique to PCN species, including a protein involved in ubiquitination. We also found 545 genes that were differentially expressed between PCN and non-PCN species, including 78 genes coding for effector proteins, which represent more than a 6-fold enrichment compared to the whole transcriptome. Gene polymorphism analysis identified 359 homozygous non-synonymous variants showing a strong evidence for selection in PCN species.ConclusionsOverall, we demonstrated that the determinant of host specificity resides in the regulation of essential effector gene expression that could be under the control of a single or of very few regulatory genes. Such genes are therefore promising targets for the development of novel and more sustainable resistances against potato cyst nematodes.
| S-EPMC6555003 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Disease suppressive soils with specific suppression of soil-borne pathogens and parasites have been long studied and are most often of microbiological origin. As for the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), which represent a huge threat to agricultural crops and which successfully defy many conventional control methods, soil progression from conducive to suppressive state is accompanied by the enrichment of specific antagonistic microbial consortia. However, a few microbial groups have come to the fore in diminishing PPN in disease suppressive soils using culture-dependent methods. Studies with cultured strains resulted in understanding the mechanisms by which nematodes are antagonized by microorganisms. Recent culture-independent studies on the microbiome associated with soil, plant roots, and PPN contributed to a better understanding of the functional potential of disease suppressive microbial cohort. Plant root exudation is an important pathway determining host-microbe communication and plays a key role in selection and enrichment of a specific set of microbial antagonists in the rhizosphere as first line of defense against crop pathogens or parasites. Root exudates comprising primary metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and secondary metabolites can also cause modifications in the nematode surface and subsequently affect microbial attachment. A positive interaction between hosts and their beneficial root microbiota is correlated with a low nematode performance on the host. In this review, we first summarized the historical records of nematode-suppressive soils and then focused on more recent studies in this aspect, emphasizing the advances in studying nematode-microbe interactions over time. We highlighted nematode biocontrol mechanisms, especially parasitism, induced systemic resistance, and volatile organic compounds using microbial consortia, or bacterial strains of the genera Pasteuria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Variovorax, or fungal isolates of Pochonia, Dactylella, Nematophthora, Purpureocillium, Trichoderma, Hirsutella, Arthrobotrys, and Mortierella. We discussed the importance of root exudates in plant communication with PPN and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their role in microbial attachment to the nematode surface and subsequent events of nematode parasitism. Comprehensive understanding of the plant-beneficial microbial consortia and the mechanisms underlying disease suppression may help to develop synthetic microbial communities for biocontrol of PPN, thereby reducing nematicides and fertilizers inputs.
| S-EPMC7058703 | biostudies-literature