Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Blum SP
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9298355 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Sensing nitrite in-situ in wastewater treatment processes could greatly simplify process control, especially during treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewaters such as digester supernatant or, as in our case, urine. The two technologies available today, i.e. an on-line nitrite analyzer and a spectrophotometric sensor, have strong limitations such as sample preparation, cost of ownership and strong interferences. A promising alternative is the amperometric measurement of nitrite, which we assessed in this study. We investigated the sensor in a urine nitrification reactor and in ex-situ experiments. Based on theoretical calculations as well as a practical approach, we determined that the critical nitrite concentrations for nitrite oxidizing bacteria lie between 12 and 30 mgN/L at pH 6 to 6.8. Consequently, we decided that the sensor should be able to reliably measure concentrations up to 50 mgN/L, which is about double the value of the critical nitrite concentration. We found that the influences of various ambient conditions, such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity and aeration rate, in the ranges expected in urine nitrification systems, are negligible. For low nitrite concentrations, as expected in municipal wastewater treatment, the tested amperometric nitrite sensor was not sufficiently sensitive. Nevertheless, the sensor delivered reliable measurements for nitrite concentrations of 5-50 mgN/L or higher. This means that the amperometric nitrite sensor allows detection of critical nitrite concentrations without difficulty in high-strength nitrogen conversion processes, such as the nitrification of human urine.
| S-EPMC7287277 | biostudies-literature
Project description:tert-Butyl nitrite was identified as a safe and chemoselective nitrating agent that provides preferentially mononitro derivatives of phenolic substrates in the presence of potentially competitive functional groups. On the basis of our control experiments, we propose that the reaction proceeds through the formation of O-nitrosyl intermediates prior to C-nitration via homolysis and oxidation. The reported nitration method is compatible with tyrosine-containing peptides on solid support in the synthesis of fluorogenic substrates for characterization of proteases.
| S-EPMC2758266 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsProstaglandin endoperoxide H(2) synthase (PGHS) is a well-known target for peroxynitrite-mediated nitration. In several experimental macrophage models, however, the relatively late onset of nitration failed to coincide with the early peak of endogenous peroxynitrite formation. In the present work, we aimed to identify an alternative, peroxynitrite-independent mechanism, responsible for the observed nitration and inactivation of PGHS-2 in an inflammatory cell model.ResultsIn primary rat alveolar macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PGHS-2 activity was suppressed after 12 h, although the prostaglandin endoperoxide H(2) synthase (PGHS-2) protein was still present. This coincided with a nitration of the enzyme. Coincubation with a nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) inhibitor preserved PGHS-2 nitration and at the same time restored thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) synthesis in the cells. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was maximal at 4 h and then returned to baseline levels. Nitrite (NO(2)(-)) production occurred later than ROS generation. This rendered generation of peroxynitrite and the nitration of PGHS-2 unlikely. We found that the nitrating agent was formed from NO(2)(-), independent from superoxide ((•)O(2)(-)). Purified PGHS-2 treated with NO(2)(-) was selectively nitrated on the active site Tyr(371), as identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Exposure to peroxynitrite resulted in the nitration not only of Tyr(371), but also of other tyrosines (Tyr).Innovation and conclusionThe data presented here point to an autocatalytic nitration of PGHS-2 by NO(2)(-), catalyzed by the enzyme's endogenous peroxidase activity and indicate a potential involvement of this mechanism in the termination of prostanoid formation under inflammatory conditions.
| S-EPMC3437048 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A unique high-valent copper nitrite species, LCuNO2, was accessed via the reversible one-electron oxidation of [M][LCuNO2] (M = NBu4+ or PPN+). The complex LCuNO2 reacts with 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol via a typical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to yield LCuTHF and the 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl radical. The reaction between LCuNO2 and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was more complicated. It yielded two products: the coupled bisphenol product expected from a H-atom abstraction and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-nitrophenol, the product of an unusual anaerobic nitration. Various mechanisms for the latter transformation were considered.
| S-EPMC9835712 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Eosinophil peroxidase is a haem enzyme of eosinophils that is implicated in oxidative tissue injury in asthma. It uses hydrogen peroxide to oxidize thiocyanate and bromide to their respective hypohalous acids. Nitrite is also a substrate for eosinophil peroxidase. We have investigated the mechanisms by which the enzyme oxidizes nitrite. Nitrite was very effective at inhibiting hypothiocyanous acid ('cyanosulphenic acid') and hypobromous acid production. Spectral studies showed that nitrite reduced the enzyme to its compound II form, which is a redox intermediate containing Fe(IV) in the haem active site. Compound II does not oxidize thiocyanate or bromide. These results demonstrate that nitrite is readily oxidized by compound I, which contains Fe(V) at the active site. However, it reacts more slowly with compound II. The observed rate constant for reduction of compound II by nitrite was determined to be 5.6x10(3) M(-1) x s(-1). Eosinophils were at least 4-fold more effective at promoting nitration of a heptapeptide than neutrophils. This result is explained by our finding that nitrite reacts 10-fold faster with compound II of eosinophil peroxidase than with the analogous redox intermediate of myeloperoxidase. Nitration by eosinophils was increased 3-fold by superoxide dismutase, which indicates that superoxide interferes with nitration. We propose that at sites of eosinophilic inflammation, low concentrations of nitrite will retard oxidant production by eosinophil peroxidase, whereas at higher concentrations nitrogen dioxide will be a major oxidant formed by these cells. The efficiency of protein nitration will be decreased by the diffusion-controlled reaction of superoxide with nitrogen dioxide.
| S-EPMC1383721 | biostudies-other
Project description:Au nanoparticles were synthesized in a soft template of pseudo-polyanions composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by the in situ reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with PVP. The particle sizes and morphologies of the Au nanoparticles were regulated with concentrations of PVP or SDS at room temperature. Distinguished from the Au nanoparticles with various shapes, Au nanoflowers (AuNFs) with rich protrusion on the surface were obtained at the low final concentration of SDS and PVP. The typical AuNF synthesized in the PVP (50 g·L-1)-SDS (5 mmol·L-1)-HAuCl4 (0.25 mmol·L-1) solution exhibited a face-centered cubic structure dominated by a {111} crystal plane with an average equivalent particle size of 197 nm and an average protrusion height of 19 nm. Au nanoparticles with four different shapes, nanodendritic, nanoflower, 2D nanoflower, and nanoplate, were synthesized and used to modify the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain Au/GCEs, which were assigned as AuND/GCE, AuNF/GCE, 2D-AuNF/GCE, and AuNP/GCE, respectively. Electrochemical sensing platforms for nitrite detection were constructed by these Au/GCEs, which presented different detection sensitivity for nitrites. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated that the AuNF/GCE exhibited the best detection sensitivity for nitrites, and the surface area of the AuNF/GCE was 1.838 times of the bare GCE, providing a linear c(NO2-) detection range of 0.01-5.00 µmol·L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.01 µmol·L-1. In addition, the AuNF/GCE exhibited good reproducibility, stability, and high anti-interference, providing potential for application in electrochemical sensing platforms.
| S-EPMC10343565 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Reaction of nitrogen monoxide with a copper(I) complex possessing a tridentate alkylamine ligand gives a Cu(I)-(*NO) adduct, which when exposed to dioxygen generates a peroxynitrite (O=NOO(-))-Cu(II) species. This undergoes thermal transformation to produce a copper(II) nitrito (NO(2) (-)) complex and 0.5 mol equiv O(2). In the presence of a substituted phenol, the peroxynitrite complex effects oxidative coupling, whereas addition of chloride ion to dissociate the peroxynitrite moiety instead leads to phenol ortho nitration. Discussions include the structures (including electronic description) of the copper-nitrosyl and copper-peroxynitrite complexes and the formation of the latter, based on density functional theory calculations and accompanying spectroscopic data.
| S-EPMC2908284 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fabrication of eletrochemical sensors based on wide bandgap compound semiconductors has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Here we report for the first time electrochemical nitrite sensors based on cubic silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires (NWs) with smooth surface and boron-doped cubic SiC NWs with fin-like structure. Multiple techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to characterize SiC and boron-doped SiC NWs. As for the electrochemical behavior of both SiC NWs electrode, the cyclic voltammetric results show that both SiC electrodes exhibit wide potential window and excellent electrocatalytic activity toward nitrite oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) determination reveals that there exists a good linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and the concentration in the range of 50-15000??moL L(-1) (cubic SiC NWs) and 5-8000??moL L(-1) (B-doped cubic SiC NWs) with the detection limitation of 5 and 0.5??moL L(-1) respectively. Compared with previously reported results, both as-prepared nitrite sensors exhibit wider linear response range with comparable high sensitivity, high stability and reproducibility.
| S-EPMC4843007 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This paper investigates the electrochemical properties of a new Cu(II)-based metal-organic framework (MOF). Noted as Cu-YBDC, it is built upon a linker containing the propargyl carbamate functionality and immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by drop-casting (GC/Cu-YBDC). Afterward, GC/Cu-YBDC was treated with HAuCl4 and the direct electro-deposition of Au nanoparticles was carried at 0.05 V for 600 s (GC/Au/Cu-YBDC). The performance of both electrodes towards nitrite oxidation was tested and it was found that GC/Au/Cu-YBDC exhibited a better electrocatalytic behavior toward the oxidation of nitrite than GC/Cu-YBDC with enhanced catalytic currents and a reduced nitrite overpotential from 1.20 to 0.90 V. Additionally GC/Au/Cu-YBDC showed a low limit of detection (5.0 μM), an ultrafast response time (<2 s), and a wide linear range of up to 8 mM in neutral pH.
| S-EPMC8309846 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For the first time, high-surface-area (approximately 1465 m(2) g(-1)), highly porous and heteroatom-enriched activated carbon (HAC) was prepared from banana stems (Musa paradisiaca, Family: Musaceae) at different carbonization temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 °C (HAC) using a simple and eco-friendly method. The amounts of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur in the HAC are 61.12, 2.567, 0.4315, and 0.349%, respectively. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), CHNS elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, the prepared activated carbon appears amorphous and disordered in nature. Here, we used HAC for an electrochemical application of nitrite (NO2(-)) sensor to control the environmental pollution. In addition, HAC exhibits noteworthy performance for the highly sensitive determination of nitrite. The limit of detection (LODs) of the nitrite sensor at HAC-modified GCE is 0.07 ?M. In addition, the proposed method was applied to determine nitrite in various water samples with acceptable results.
| S-EPMC3996480 | biostudies-literature