Effect of Various Preterm Infant Milk Formulas on NEC-Like Gut Injury in Mice.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rao K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9299064 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Human milk glycans present a unique diversity of structures that suggest different mechanisms by which they may affect the infant microbiome development. A humanized mouse model generated by infant fecal transplantation was utilized here to evaluate the impact of fucosyl-α1,3-GlcNAc (3FN), fucosyl-α1,6-GlcNAc, lacto-N-biose (LNB) and galacto-N-biose on the fecal microbiota and host-microbiota interactions. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that certain bacterial genera significantly increased (Ruminococcus and Oscillospira) or decreased (Eubacterium and Clostridium) in all disaccharide-supplemented groups. Interestingly, cluster analysis differentiates the consumption of fucosyl-oligosaccharides from galactosyl-oligosaccharides, highlighting the disappearance of Akkermansia genus in both fucosyl-oligosaccharides. An increment of the relative abundance of Coprococcus genus was only observed with 3FN. As well, LNB significantly increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, whereas the absolute levels of this genus, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, did not significantly increase. OTUs corresponding to the species Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Ruminococcus gnavus were not present in the control after the 3-week intervention, but were shared among the donor and specific disaccharide groups, indicating that their survival is dependent on disaccharide supplementation. The 3FN-feeding group showed increased levels of butyrate and acetate in the colon, and decreased levels of serum HDL-cholesterol. 3FN also down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, and the Toll-like receptor 2 in the large intestine tissue. The present study revealed that the four disaccharides show efficacy in producing beneficial compositional shifts of the gut microbiota and in addition, the 3FN demonstrated physiological and immunomodulatory roles.
| S-EPMC8096338 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe breast milk microbiome could be a source of infant intestinal microbiota. Several studies have found that some breast milk is extremely low in bacteria or is even sterile. There are limited studies on the effect of milk without bacteria on the infant gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gut microbiota of infants fed with bacterial milk or sterile milk. Meanwhile, we attempted to find the cause of undetectable bacteria in milk.MethodsA total of 17 healthy pregnant women and 17 infants were enrolled in this study. Fecal samples were collected from full-term pregnant women. Milk samples and infant fecal samples were collected on the 14th postnatal day. Breast milk and fecal samples were examined using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Pregnant women and infants were grouped according to milk with or without bacteria. To compare the differences in gut microbiota and clinical characteristics between groups.ResultsBacteria were detected in 11 breast milk samples, and the bacterial detection rate was 64.7%. Infants fed with bacterial milk showed higher Shannon index and Simpson index (P = 0.020, P = 0.048), and their relative abundance of Lachnospirales, Lachnospiraceae and Eggerthellaceae was markedly higher. In addition, there were more bacterial associations in the co-occurrence network of infants fed with bacterial milk. Pregnant women with sterile and bacterial breast milk showed no significant differences in their clinical characteristics, and microbial composition and diversity.ConclusionsSome breast milk from healthy postpartum women failed to be sequenced due to low microbial DNA quantities or is sterile. Research is needed to explore the reasons for this phenomenon. Infants fed with bacterial milk had higher Alpha diversity and more complex microbiota networks. These findings provide novel insight into milk microbiota and infant gut microbiota.
| S-EPMC9317457 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Inter-subject variability in human milk microbiome is well known; however, its origins and possible relationship to the mother's diet are still debated. We investigated associations between maternal nutrition, milk fatty acids composition and microbiomes in mother-infant dyads. Breast milk and infant fecal samples were collected across three time points (one week, one month and three months postpartum) from 22 mother-infant pairs. Food frequency questionnaires for the months of pregnancy and three months postpartum were collected. Milk fatty acids were analyzed by GC-MS and the microbiome in breast milk and infant feces was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Statistical interactions were computed using Spearman's method and corrected for multiple comparisons. We found significant negative correlation between Streptococcus relative abundance in maternal milk and intake of unsaturated fatty acids and folic acid at one month postpartum. At three months postpartum, vitamin B-12 consumption was significantly associated with a single operational taxonomic unit belonging to Streptococcus. Comparison between milk microbiome and lipid composition showed, one-month postpartum, significant negative correlation between Streptococcus relative abundance and the abundance of oleic acid. Additional correlations were detected between Staphylococcus hominis and two medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that maternal nutrition may affect milk microbiome.
| S-EPMC7551594 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background/objectivesDifferent infant formulas, varying in protein type and quantity, are available for infants who are not breastfed or are partially breastfed. Postprandial insulinemic and glycemic responses to intact vs partially hydrolyzed protein in infant formula are unclear. To compare the effect of different forms (partially hydrolyzed vs non-hydrolyzed) and levels of protein in infant formula compared with a human milk reference subgroup on insulin response in adults.Subjects/methodsIn a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study, 35 healthy adults consumed 600 ml of three different infant formulas: Intact protein-based formula (INTACT) (1.87 g protein/100 kcal; whey/casein ratio of 70/30; 63 kcal/100 ml), partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (PHw) (1.96 g protein/100 kcal; 100% whey; 63 kcal/100 ml), a high-protein partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (HPPHw) (2.79 g protein/100 kcal; 100%whey; 73 kcal/100 ml) and a subgroup also consumed human milk (HM) (n = 11). Lipid and carbohydrate (lactose) contents were similar (5.1-5.5 and 10.5-11.6 g/100 kcal, respectively). Venous blood samples were taken after overnight fasting and at different intervals for 180 min post-drink for insulin, glucose, blood lipids, GLP-1, glucagon, and C-peptide.ResultsTwenty-nine subjects (eight consuming HM) adhered to the protocol. INTACT and PHw groups had similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia (Cmax and iAUC) that were not different from those of the HM subgroup. HPPHw resulted in higher postprandial insulin responses (iAUC) relative to all other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002 for the comparison with INTACT, PHw, HM, respectively). HPPHw resulted in a higher glucose response compared to INTACT and PHw (iAUC: p = 0.003, p = 0.001, respectively), but was not different from HM (p = 0.41).ConclusionThis study in adults demonstrates similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia between INTACT and PHw, close to that of HM, but lower than HPPHw, which had a higher protein content compared to the other test milks. The findings remain to be confirmed in infants.Clinical trial registrationThis study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04332510.
| S-EPMC8050262 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Little research has focused on infant developmental effects, other than growth, of formulas that differ substantially in the form of protein. To examine development of infants fed formulas differing in free amino acid content, we randomized 0.5-month-old infants (n = 79) to either a control group who fed only cow milk formula (CMF) during the first 8 months (CMF8), or to one of two experimental groups: one experimental group fed extensively protein hydrolyzed formula (EHF) for 1-3 months during first 4.5 months (EHF1-3) of life, and the other fed EHF for 8 months (EHF8). The Mullen Scales of Early Learning were administered monthly from 1.5 to 8.5 months to assess fine (FM) and gross (GM) motor control, receptive (RL) and expressive (EL) language, visual reception (VR), and an early learning composite (ELC). Across the 5.5-8.5-month time period, when compared to CMF8 infants, GM scores in EHF1-3 infants averaged 1.5 points higher (95 % CI 0.1, 3.0) and in EHF8 infants 2.2 points higher (95 % CI 0.3, 4.0). Similarly, VR scores averaged 1.9 points higher (95 % CI 0.1, 3.8) in EHF1-3 infants and 2.2 points higher (95 % CI -0.2, 4.5) in EHF8 infants. EHF8 infants' RL scores averaged 1.8 points lower (95 % CI 0.1, 3.6) than CMF8 infants. These data suggest that the form of protein in infant formula may impact cognitive development and that the higher free amino acid content in breast milk may be a contributing factor to the differential cognitive development between breastfed and CMF-fed infants.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00994747.
| S-EPMC4754137 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn the past two decades, sphingolipids have become increasingly appreciated as bioactive molecules playing important roles in a wide array of pathophysiology mechanisms. Despite advances in the field, sphingolipids as nutrients remain little explored. Today the research is starting to move towards the study of the sphingomyelin content in human breast milk, recommended for feeding infants.MethodsIn the present study, we performed a lipidomic analysis in human breast milk in relation with maternal diet during pregnancy, in infant formulas, and in commercial whole and semi-skimmed milks for adults. Mediterranean, carnivorous and vegetarian diets were considered.ResultsThe results showed that total sphingomyelin, ceramide and dihydroceramide species are independent on the diet. Interestingly, the milk sphingolipid composition is species-specific. In fact, infant formulas and commercial milks for adults have a lower level of total sphingomyelin and ceramide content than human breast milk with very different composition of each sphingolipid species.ConclusionsWe conclude that human breast milk is a better source of sphingolipids than infant formulas for baby nutrition with potential implications for the brain development and cognitive functions.
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Project description:The objectives of this study were to lay the methodological groundwork for field studies of microRNA analysis in exosomes from small sample volumes of human milk, and assess exosome and microRNA content in infant formulas. When human milk was stored at 4°C for 4 weeks, the count of exosome-sized vesicles decreased progressively to 49% ± 13% of that in fresh milk. Exosomes were purified from 1 mL of fresh human milk and their microRNA content was assessed by microRNA-sequencing analysis and compared with that in infant formulas. We identified 221 microRNAs in exosomes from 3 samples of fresh human milk; 84 microRNAs were present in all 3 samples. MicroRNAs were not detectable in infant formulas and their exosome-sized vesicles, which appeared to be casein micelles. We conclude that large-scale studies of microRNAs in human milk exosomes are feasible, and exosomes and microRNAs are not detectable in formulas.
| S-EPMC6658346 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We recently discovered that infants randomly assigned to a formula high in free amino acids (extensive protein hydrolysate formula; ePHF) during infancy consumed less formula to satiation and gained less weight than did infants fed an isocaloric formula low in free amino acids (cow milk formula; CMF).Because ePHF and CMF differ markedly in concentrations of free glutamate, we tested the hypothesis that the higher glutamate concentrations in ePHF promote satiation and satiety.In this counterbalanced, within-subject study, infants <4 mo of age (n = 30) visited our laboratory for 3 sets of 2 consecutive infant-led formula meals over 3 test days. Infants were fed 1 of 3 isocaloric formulas during each first meal: CMF, ePHF, or CMF with added free glutamate to approximate concentrations in ePHF (CMF+glu). When infants signaled hunger again, they were fed a second meal of CMF. From these data, we calculated satiety ratios for each of the 3 formulas by dividing the intermeal interval by the amount of formula consumed during that particular first meal.Infants consumed significantly less CMF+glu (P < 0.02) and ePHF (P < 0.04) than CMF during the first meals. They also showed greater levels of satiety after consuming CMF+glu or ePHF: satiety ratios for CMF+glu (P < 0.03) and ePHF (P < 0.05) were significantly higher than for CMF.These findings suggest a role of free glutamate in infant intake regulation and call into question the claim that formula feeding impairs infants' abilities to self regulate energy intake.
| S-EPMC3302362 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Premature birth, especially if born before week 32 of gestation, is associated with increased risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic use of probiotics has been suggested to protect preterm infants via supporting a healthy gut microbiota (GM) development, but the suggested strains and doses vary between studies. In this study, we profiled the GM of 5, 10 and 30-day fecal samples from two cohorts of preterm neonates (born <30 weeks of gestation) recruited in the same neonatal intensive care unit. One cohort (n = 165) was recruited from September 2006 to January 2009 before probiotics were introduced in the clinic. The second cohort (n = 87) was recruited from May 2010 to October 2011 after introducing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 supplementation policy. Through V3-V4 region 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, a distinct increase of L. rhamnosus and B. animalis was found in the fecal samples of neonates supplemented with probiotics. During the first 30 days of life, the preterm GM went through similarly patterned progression of bacterial populations. Staphylococcus and Weissella dominated in early samples, but was gradually overtaken by Veillonella, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae. Probiotic supplementation was associated with pronounced reduction of Weissella, Veillonella spp. and the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella. Potential nosocomial pathogens Citrobacter and Chryseobacterium species also gradually phased out. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation to preterm neonates affected gut colonization by certain bacteria, but did not change the overall longitudinal bacterial progression in the neonatal period.Abbreviations: GM: Gut microbiota; ASV: Amplicon sequence variant; NEC: Necrotizing enterocolitis; DOL: Days of life; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; ESPGHAN: European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Db-RDA: Distance-based redundancy analysis; PERMANOVA: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance; ANCOM: Analysis of compositions of microbiomes; LGG: Lacticaseibacillus (former Lactobacillus) rhamnosus GG; BB-12: Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12; DGGE: Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis.
| S-EPMC8284123 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Breast milk concentrations of immune components are variable between women and interleukin (IL) differences may be associated with infant outcomes. Molecular mechanisms for milk variability remain unknown.The aims were to (1) examine the relationship between maternal IL genotypes and milk concentrations of IL4, IL6, and IL10, (2) describe the trajectories of milk IL change, (3) examine whether maternal IL genotypes predict IL trajectories and/or average weekly IL concentration, and (4) examine if weekly IL levels and/or IL trajectories are associated with infant outcomes.Milk aliquots were collected from each feeding of mother's own milk and pooled weekly. DNA was extracted from 1 sample of each mother's breast milk whey (n = 64), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL genes were genotyped. Milk IL concentrations were measured and trajectory analysis examined IL milk change over time. Multivariate breast milk IL concentration analyses controlled for gestational age and prepregnancy body mass index. Multivariate infant outcome (n = 73) analyses controlled for gestational age and the ratio of human milk to total milk.Trajectory analysis resulted in linear group shapes, with 2 distinct subgroups in IL6 and 3 subgroups in IL4 and IL10. Trajectory groups trended toward significance with calprotectin, intraventricular hemorrhage, and blood transfusions. Multivariate analyses resulted in trending associations between maternal SNPs and subsequent IL6 and IL10 milk levels. There was a trending relationship between IL milk levels and both fecal calprotectin and intraventricular hemorrhage.Maternal IL SNPs may affect IL breast milk levels and IL milk levels may be associated with infant outcomes.
| S-EPMC5405864 | biostudies-literature