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Role of pepper mild mottle virus as a tracking tool for fecal pollution in aquatic environments.

ABSTRACT: The plant pathogen pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has recently been proposed as a water quality indicator, it is a RNA virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae that causes harm to the pepper crops. After consuming processed food products containing infected peppers, such as hot sauces, PMMoV is excreted in high concentrations in feces; therefore, this is the most common RNA virus, constantly found in the feces of humans. The fecal-oral pathway is emerging as an environmental problem. The presence of high concentrations of pathogens associated with human excreta in environmental waters or water reuse supplies poses a threat to public health. Due to the difficulty in determining the presence of pathogens effectively in water, attempts to monitor microbial water quality often use surrogates or indicator organisms that can be easily detected; therefore, PMMoV is used as a viral surrogate in aquatic environment. This paper describes the incidence and persistence of PMMoV in aquatic environments and in waste treatment plants and its usefulness for quantifying virus reductions by advanced water treatment technologies. In recent research, SARS-CoV-2 was reported to be found in wastewater and utilized for the purpose of monitoring coronavirus illness outbreaks. Since PMMoV is readily identified in the human feces and can also serve as an indicator of human waste, the determined PMMoV concentrations may be utilized to give the normalized report of the SARS-CoV-2 concentration, so that, the amount of human waste found in the wastewater can be taken into consideration.

SUBMITTER: Dhakar V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9303839 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transcriptome analysis of two pepper genotypes infected with pepper mild mottle virus.

Project description:Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) poses a significant threat to pepper production because it is highly contagious and extremely persistent in soil. Despite this threat, little is known about the molecular processes that underlie plant responses to pepper mild mottle virus. Here, we performed RNA sequencing of tolerant ("17-p63") and susceptible ("16-217") pepper genotypes after pepper mild mottle virus or mock inoculation. Viral accumulation in systemic leaves was lower in the pepper mild mottle virus-resistant 17-p63 genotype than in the pepper mild mottle virus-sensitive 16-217 genotype, and infection symptoms were more apparent in systemic leaves of 16-217 than in those of 17-p63 at the same timepoints during the infection process. We identified 2,959 and 2,159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in systemic leaves of infected 16-217 and 17-p63, respectively. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes from both genotypes revealed significant enrichment of the MAPK signaling pathway, plant-pathogen interaction, and flavonoid biosynthesis. A number of differentially expressed genes showed opposite trends in relation to stress resistance and disease defense in the two genotypes. We also performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of all samples and identified modules associated with resistance to pepper mild mottle virus, as well as seven hub genes. These results identify candidate virus resistance genes and provide insight into pepper defense mechanisms against pepper mild mottle virus.

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Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in Japan.

Project description:Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03×10(3) to 2.90×10(6) copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs (n=4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus or Escherichia coli. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.

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Complete Genome Sequence of a Pepper mild mottle virus Isolate from Northeast China.

Project description:The complete genome sequence of a Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) isolate obtained from Northeast China was determined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus isolate is closely related to Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, and U.S. isolates.

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Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan and Phosphate Cross-linked Chitosan against Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus.

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Project description: Not available

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Persistence of Endogenous SARS-CoV-2 and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus RNA in Wastewater-Settled Solids.

Project description:Limited information is available on the decay rate of endogenous SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) RNA in wastewater and primary settled solids, potentially limiting an understanding of how transit or holding times within wastewater infrastructure might impact RNA measurements and their relationship to community COVID-19 infections. In this study, primary settled solids samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Samples were thoroughly mixed, aliquoted into subsamples, and stored at 4, 22, and 37 °C for 10 days. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 (N1 and N2 targets) and PMMoV RNA were measured using an RT-ddPCR. Limited decay (<1 log10 reduction) was observed in the detection of viral RNA targets at all temperature conditions, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 and PMMoV RNA can be highly persistent in solids. First-order decay rate constants ranged from 0.011 to 0.098 day-1 for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and from 0.010 to 0.091 day-1 for PMMoV RNA depending on the temperature conditions. A slower decay was observed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in primary settled solids compared to previously reported decay in wastewater influent. Further research is needed to understand if solid content and wastewater characteristics might influence the persistence of viral RNA targets.

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