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On-line Electrode Dissolution Monitoring during Organic Electrosynthesis: Direct Evidence of Electrode Dissolution during Kolbe Electrolysis.

ABSTRACT: Electrode dissolution was monitored in real-time during Kolbe electrolysis along with the characteristic products. The fast determination of appropriate reaction conditions in electro-organic chemistry enables the minimization of electrode degradation while keeping an eye on the optimal formation rate and distribution of products. Herein, essential parameters influencing the dissolution of the electrode material platinum in a Kolbe electrolysis were pinpointed. The formation of reaction products and soluble platinum species were monitored during potentiodynamic and potentiostatic experiments using an electroanalytical flow cell coupled to two different mass spectrometers. The approach opens new vistas in the field of electro-organic chemistry because it enables precise and quick quantification of dissolved metals during electrosynthesis, also involving electrode materials other than platinum. Furthermore, it draws attention to the vital topic of electrode stability in electro-organic synthesis, which becomes increasingly important for the implementation of green chemical processes utilizing renewable energy.

SUBMITTER: Ranninger J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9304240 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:In electrochemical processes, gas bubbles on the electrode can cause an increase in both overpotential and ohmic voltage drop which leads to higher energy consumption. Applying power ultrasound during water electrolysis can help to reduce the overpotential, enhance mass transfer, and save energy. In this study, we investigated the effect of ultrasound (20 kHz) on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a stainless steel plate with varying concentrations of NaOH solutions at 298 K, using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). We especially focused on understanding the bubble behavior on the stainless steel plate during HER using high-speed imaging in ultrasonic field. When ultrasound was applied to solutions with NaOH concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1 M, the current density increased by about 9.0, 5.9, 2.8 %, respectively. As the ultrasound irradiation began, the bubbles tended to hover around on the electrode surface, coalescing with other bubbles, rather than rising. When the size of the coalesced bubbles became too large to stay on the surface of the electrode, they were expelled from the ultrasonic field. The repeated collapse and coalescence of these bubbles was observed while they were rising. The velocity increased about 2 times when ultrasound irradiation began, and increased by more than 6 times in the ultrasonic field. More nucleation of bubbles was observed on the electrode in the ultrasonic field. Using ultrasound reduced the critical diameter of bubbles which detached from the electrode, from 58.0 to 15.9 μm, and the residence time of the bubbles, from 533 to 118 ms. Further, when the ultrasound was applied, the mean diameter of bubbles decreased from 71.8 to 17 μm. Hence, bubble coverage on the electrode surface decreased from 8.3 to 1 % despite an increase in the total number of bubbles. As a result, ultrasound was found to be effective for hydrogen production during water electrolysis, increasing current by the faster removal of gas from the stainless steel plate.

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On-line Electrode Dissolution Monitoring during Organic Electrosynthesis: Direct Evidence of Electrode Dissolution during Kolbe Electrolysis.

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