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Bioprinting small-diameter vascular vessel with endothelium and smooth muscle by the approach of two-step crosslinking process.

ABSTRACT: Three-dimensional bioprinting shows great potential for autologous vascular grafts due to its simplicity, accuracy, and flexibility. The 6-mm-diameter vascular grafts are used in clinic. However, producing small-diameter vascular grafts are still an enormous challenge. Normally, sacrificial hydrogels are used as temporary lumen support to mold tubular structure which will affect the stability of the fabricated structure. In this study, we have developed a new bioprinting approach to fabricating small-diameter vessel using two-step crosslinking process. The ¼ lumen wall of bioprinted gelatin mechacrylate (GelMA) flat structure was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light briefly for gaining certain strength, while ¾ lumen wall showed as concave structure which remained uncrosslinked. Precrosslinked flat structure was merged towards the uncrosslinked concave structure. Two individual structures were combined tightly into an intact tubular structure after receiving more UV exposure time. Complicated tubular structures were constructed by these method. Notably, the GelMA-based bioink loaded with smooth muscle cells are bioprinted to form the outer layer of the tubular structure and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were seeded onto the inner surface of the tubular structure. A bionic vascular vessel with dual layers was fabricated successfully, and kept good viability and functionality. This study may provide a novel idea for fabricating biomimetic vascular network or other more complicated organs.

SUBMITTER: Jin Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9314886 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Mitochondria are widely described as being highly dynamic and adaptable organelles, and their movement is thought to be vital for cell function. Yet, in various native cells, including those of heart and smooth muscle, mitochondria are stationary and rigidly structured. The significance of the differences in mitochondrial behavior to the physiological function of cells is unclear and was studied in single myocytes and intact resistance-sized cerebral arteries. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dynamics is controlled by the proliferative status of the cells.High-speed fluorescence imaging of mitochondria in live vascular smooth muscle cells shows that the organelle undergoes significant reorganization as cells become proliferative. In nonproliferative cells, mitochondria are individual (? 2 ?m by 0.5 ?m), stationary, randomly dispersed, fixed structures. However, on entering the proliferative state, mitochondria take on a more diverse architecture and become small spheres, short rod-shaped structures, long filamentous entities, and networks. When cells proliferate, mitochondria also continuously move and change shape. In the intact pressurized resistance artery, mitochondria are largely immobile structures, except in a small number of cells in which motility occurred. When proliferation of smooth muscle was encouraged in the intact resistance artery, in organ culture, the majority of mitochondria became motile and the majority of smooth muscle cells contained moving mitochondria. Significantly, restriction of mitochondrial motility using the fission blocker mitochondrial division inhibitor prevented vascular smooth muscle proliferation in both single cells and the intact resistance artery.These results show that mitochondria are adaptable and exist in intact tissue as both stationary and highly dynamic entities. This mitochondrial plasticity is an essential mechanism for the development of smooth muscle proliferation and therefore presents a novel therapeutic target against vascular disease.

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Bioprinting small-diameter vascular vessel with endothelium and smooth muscle by the approach of two-step crosslinking process.

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