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Synthesis of New Type Polymers by Quasi-Living Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

ABSTRACT: Thanks to the polymer revolution of the 20th century, plastics are now part of our everyday lives. We use plastics as naturally as if they had always been an integral part of our lives. However, in the recent past, we were still predominantly using wood, metal, and glass objects, which were replaced by plastic products at an explosive rate. In many cases, this replacement has resulted in products with better physical, chemical, or biological properties. The changeover was too rapid, and the consequences were not recognized in time. This is evidenced by the huge scale of plastic pollution worldwide today. It is therefore in the interests of the future of both humans and animals that we must pay particular attention to the direct and indirect environmental impact of plastics introduced in animal husbandry. Starting from the tetrafunctional initiator produced as the first step of my work, poly(n-butyll acrylate) star polymers of different molecular weights were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, using the so-called "core first" method. The bromine chain end of the produced star polymers was replaced by an azide group using a substitution reaction. Propalgyl telechelic PEGs were synthesized as a result of lattice end modification of poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weights. The azidated star polymers were connected with propalgyl telechelic PEGs using Huisgen's "click" chemical process, and as a result of the "click" connection, amphiphilic polymer networks with several different structures were obtained.

SUBMITTER: Illes G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9316120 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synthesis of Star Polymers using Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Through a Core-first Approach.

Project description:Synthetic routes to higher ordered polymeric architectures are important tools for advanced materials design and realization. In this study, organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization is employed for the synthesis of star polymers through a core-first approach using a visible-light absorbing photocatalyst, 3,7-di(4-biphenyl)-1-naphthalene-10-phenoxazine. Structurally similar multifunctional initiators possessing 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 initiating sites were used in this study for the synthesis of linear telechelic polymers and star polymers typically possessing dispersities lower than 1.5 while achieving high initiator efficiencies. Furthermore, no evidence of undesirable star-star coupling reactions was observed, even at high monomer conversions and high degrees of polymerization. The utility of this system is further exemplified through the synthesis of well-defined diblock star polymers.

| S-EPMC5882071 | biostudies-literature

Automated Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymers and Biohybrids by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using a DNA Synthesizer.

Project description:A DNA synthesizer was successfully employed for preparation of well-defined polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), in a technique termed AutoATRP. This method provides well-defined homopolymers, diblock copolymers, and biohybrids under automated photomediated ATRP conditions. PhotoATRP was selected over other ATRP methods because of mild reaction conditions, ambient temperature, tolerance to oxygen, and no need to introduce reducing agents or radical initiators. Both acrylate and methacrylate monomers were successfully polymerized with excellent control in the DNA synthesizer. Diblock copolymers were synthesized with different targeted degrees of polymerization and with high retention of chain-end functionality. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers were grafted from DNA. The DNA-polymer hybrids were characterized by SEC and DLS. The AutoATRP method provides an efficient route to prepare a range of different polymeric materials, especially polymer-biohybrids.

| S-EPMC5341381 | biostudies-literature

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid-State.

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| S-EPMC7496184 | biostudies-literature

Solid-Phase Synthesis of Well-Defined Multiblock Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Project description:Solid-phase polymer synthesis, historically rooted in peptide synthesis, has evolved into a powerful method for achieving sequence-controlled macromolecules. This study explores solid-phase polymer synthesis by covalently immobilizing growing polymer chains onto a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based resin, known as ChemMatrix (CM) resin. In contrast to traditional hydrophobic supports, CM resin's amphiphilic properties enable swelling in both polar and nonpolar solvents, simplifying filtration, washing, and drying processes. Combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with solid-phase techniques allowed for the grafting of well-defined block copolymers in high yields. This approach is attractive for sequence-controlled polymer synthesis, successfully synthesizing di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-block copolymers with excellent control over the molecular weight and dispersity. The study also delves into the limitations of achieving high molecular weights due to confinement within resin pores. Moreover, the versatility of the method is demonstrated through its applicability to various monomers in organic and aqueous media. This straightforward approach offers a rapid route to developing tailored block copolymers with unique structures and functionalities.

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Tandem chain walking polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization for efficient synthesis of dendritic nanoparticles for bioconjugation.

Project description:A tandem polymerization methodology, chain walking polymerization (CWP) followed by atom transfer radical polymerization, was developed for efficient synthesis of nanoparticles for bioconjugation. Using the chain walking palladium-alpha-diimine catalyst (catalyst 1), dendritic polymers bearing multiple initiation sites were synthesized and used as macroinitiators for subsequent Cu(I)-mediated ATRP. Control of molecular weight and size of the water-soluble core-shell polymeric nanoparticles was achieved by tuning reaction conditions. Addition of an N-acryloyloxysuccinamide (NAS) monomer at the end of the ATRP afforded NHS-activated polymer nanoparticles. Conjugation with both small dye molecules and protein (ovalbumin) yielded nanoparticle conjugates with relatively high dye or protein per particle ratio. With the efficient synthesis and good biocompatibility, these nanoparticles may find many potential applications in bioconjugation.

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Supramolecular Additive-Initiated Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Zwitterionic Polymers on Ureido-pyrimidinone-Based Biomaterial Surfaces.

Project description:Surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization is a popular technique for the modification of biomaterials with, for example, antifouling polymers. Here, we report on the functionalization of a supramolecular biomaterial with zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) via atom transfer radical polymerization from a macroinitiator additive, which is embedded in the hard phase of the ureido-pyrimidinone-based material. Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) was successfully polymerized from these surfaces, and the polymerized sulfobetaine content, with corresponding antifouling properties, depended on both the macroinitiator additive concentration and polymerization time. Furthermore, the polymerization from the macroinitiator additive was successfully translated to functional electrospun scaffolds, showing the potential for this functionalization strategy in supramolecular material systems.

| S-EPMC7304927 | biostudies-literature

Synthesis of Polymer Bioconjugates via Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization under Blue Light Irradiation.

Project description:A rapid blue-light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was conducted in a biologically friendly environment. Well-controlled polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA) was successfully performed in aqueous media (1X PBS) under irradiation by blue LED strips. With 10.0 mW/cm2 intensity output at 450 nm, >90% conversion was achieved in 2 h in the presence of a system comprising glucose, glucose oxidase, and sodium pyruvate. Poly-(OEOMA) was synthesized with predetermined M n and low dispersities using low ppm of Cu catalysts. Importantly, secondary structures of proteins, as analyzed by circular dichroism (CD), were preserved under blue-light irradiation due to its lower energy output. The aqueous blue-light ATRP technique was applied to biological systems by synthesizing well-defined protein-polymer and DNA-polymer hybrids by the "grafting-from" method.

| S-EPMC6901285 | biostudies-literature

Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Continuous Flow.

Project description:Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) has emerged as a metal-free variant of historically transition-metal reliant atom transfer radical polymerization. Strongly reducing organic photoredox catalysts have proven capable of mediating O-ATRP. To date, operation of photoinduced O-ATRP has been demonstrated in batch reactions. However, continuous flow approaches can provide efficient irradiation reaction conditions and thus enable increased polymerization performance. Herein, the adaptation of O-ATRP to a continuous flow approach has been performed with multiple visible-light absorbing photoredox catalysts. Using continuous flow conditions, improved polymerization results were achieved, consisting of narrow molecular weight distributions as low as 1.05 and quantitative initiator efficiencies. This system demonstrated success with 0.01% photocatalyst loadings and a diverse methacrylate monomer scope. Additionally, successful chain-extension polymerizations using 0.01 mol % photocatalyst loadings reveal continuous flow O-ATRP to be a robust and versatile method of polymerization.

| S-EPMC5642931 | biostudies-literature

Engineering exosome polymer hybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization.

Project description:Exosomes are emerging as ideal drug delivery vehicles due to their biological origin and ability to transfer cargo between cells. However, rapid clearance of exogenous exosomes from the circulation as well as aggregation of exosomes and shedding of surface proteins during storage limit their clinical translation. Here, we demonstrate highly controlled and reversible functionalization of exosome surfaces with well-defined polymers that modulate the exosome's physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers and complementary DNA block copolymers, exosome surfaces were engineered with different biocompatible polymers. Additionally, polymers were directly grafted from the exosome surface using biocompatible photo-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These exosome polymer hybrids (EPHs) exhibited enhanced stability under various storage conditions and in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. Tuning of the polymer length and surface loading allowed precise control over exosome surface interactions, cellular uptake, and preserved bioactivity. EPHs show fourfold higher blood circulation time without altering tissue distribution profiles. Our results highlight the potential of precise nanoengineering of exosomes toward developing advanced drug and therapeutic delivery systems using modern ATRP methods.

| S-EPMC7812758 | biostudies-literature

Challenges in Synthesis and Analysis of Asymmetrically Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Project description:When cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are isolated from cellulose microfibrils, the parallel arrangement of the cellulose chains in the crystalline domains is retained so that all reducing end-groups (REGs) point to one crystallite end. This permits the selective chemical modification of one end of the CNCs. In this study, two reaction pathways are compared to selectively attach atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators to the REGs of CNCs, using reductive amination. This modification further enabled the site-specific grafting of the anionic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) from the CNCs. Different analytical methods, including colorimetry and solution-state NMR analysis, were combined to confirm the REG-modification with ATRP-initiators and PSS. The achieved grafting yield was low due to either a limited conversion of the CNC REGs or side reactions on the polymerization initiator during the reductive amination. The end-tethered CNCs were easy to redisperse in water after freeze-drying, and the shear birefringence of colloidal suspensions is maintained after this process.

| S-EPMC8382247 | biostudies-literature

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