Single Amino Acid Substitution the DNA Repairing Gene Radiation-Sensitive 4 Contributes to Ultraviolet Tolerance of a Plant Pathogen
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wang Y
PROVIDER: S-EPMC9330021 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundPlant absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can result in multiple deleterious effects to plant tissues. As a result, plants have evolved an array of strategies to protect themselves from UV radiation, particularly in the UV-B range (280-320 nm). A common plant response to UV exposure is investment in phenolic compounds that absorb damaging wavelengths of light. However, the inverse phenomenon - plant reflectance of UV to protect plant tissues - has not previously been explored. In a paired experiment, we expose half of our sample (N = 108) of insect-pollinated plants of the cultivar Zinnia Profusion Series to UV radiation, and protect the other half from all light < 400 nm for 42 days, and measure leaf and flower reflectance using spectroscopy. We compare UV-B reflectance in leaves and flowers at the beginning of the experiment or flowering, and after treatment.ResultsWe find that plants protected from UV exposure downregulate UV-B reflectance, and that plants exposed to increased levels of UV show trends of increased UV-B reflectance.ConclusionsOur results indicate that upregulation of UV-B reflecting pigments or structures may be a strategy to protect leaves against highly energetic UV-B radiation.
| S-EPMC7268463 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly affects plants and microorganisms, but also alters the species-specific interactions between them. The distinct bands of UV radiation, UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C have different effects on plants and their associated microorganisms. While UV-A and UV-B mainly affect morphogenesis and phototropism, UV-B and UV-C strongly trigger secondary metabolite production. Short wave (<350 nm) UV radiation negatively affects plant pathogens in direct and indirect ways. Direct effects can be ascribed to DNA damage, protein polymerization, enzyme inactivation and increased cell membrane permeability. UV-C is the most energetic radiation and is thus more effective at lower doses to kill microorganisms, but by consequence also often causes plant damage. Indirect effects can be ascribed to UV-B specific pathways such as the UVR8-dependent upregulated defense responses in plants, UV-B and UV-C upregulated ROS accumulation, and secondary metabolite production such as phenolic compounds. In this review, we summarize the physiological and molecular effects of UV radiation on plants, microorganisms and their interactions. Considerations for the use of UV radiation to control microorganisms, pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic, are listed. Effects can be indirect by increasing specialized metabolites with plant pre-treatment, or by directly affecting microorganisms.
| S-EPMC7769811 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genetic variations are investigated in human and many other organisms for many purposes (e.g., to aid in clinical diagnosis). Interpretation of the identified variations can be challenging. Although some dedicated prediction methods have been developed and some tools for human variants can also be used for other organisms, the performance and species range have been limited. We developed a novel variant pathogenicity/tolerance predictor for amino acid substitutions in any organism. The method, PON-All, is a machine learning tool trained on human, animal, and plant variants. Two versions are provided, one with Gene Ontology (GO) annotations and another without these details. GO annotations are not available or are partial for many organisms of interest. The methods provide predictions for three classes: pathogenic, benign, and variants of unknown significance. On the blind test, when using GO annotations, accuracy was 0.913 and MCC 0.827. When GO features were not used, accuracy was 0.856 and MCC 0.712. The performance is the best for human and plant variants and somewhat lower for animal variants because the number of known disease-causing variants in animals is rather small. The method was compared to several other tools and was found to have superior performance. PON-All is freely available at http://structure.bmc.lu.se/PON-All and http://8.133.174.28:8999/.
| S-EPMC9245922 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Controlling the polymerization of supramolecular self-assembly through external stimuli holds great potential for the development of responsive soft materials and manipulation at the nanoscale. Vinyl esters of bis(leu or val)fumaramide (1a and 2a) have been found to be gelators of various organic solvents and were applied in this investigation of the influence of organogelators' self-assembly on solid-state polymerization induced by gamma and ultraviolet irradiation. Here, we report our investigation into the influences of self-assemblies of bis(amino acid vinyl ester)fumaramides on gamma-ray- and ultraviolet-induced polymerization. The gelator molecules self-assembled by non-covalent interactions, mainly through hydrogen bonds between the amide group (CONH) and the carboxyl group (COO), thus forming a gel network. NMR and FTIR spectroscopy were used to investigate and characterize supramolecular gels. TEM and SEM microscopy were used to investigate the morphology of gels and polymers. Morphology studies showed that the gels contained a filamentous structure of nanometer dimensions that was exhaustive in a three-dimensional network. The prepared derivatives contained reactive alkyl groups suitable for carrying out the polymerization reaction initiated by gamma or ultraviolet radiation in the supramolecular aggregates of selected gels. It was found that the polymerization reaction occurred only in the network of the gel and was dependent on the structure of aggregates or the proximity and orientation of double bonds in the gel network. Polymers were formed by the gels exposure to gamma and ultraviolet radiation in toluene, and water/DMF gels with transcripts of their gel structure into polymers. The polymeric material was able to immobilize various solvents by swelling. Furthermore, methyl esters of bis(leu and val)fumaramide (1b and 2b) were synthesized; these compounds showed no gelling properties, and the crystal structure of the valine derivative 2b was determined.
| S-EPMC8747669 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This work concerns the new idea of textile printing with a multi-color system using pastes containing compounds sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A screen printing method based on a modified CMYK color system was applied to a cotton woven fabric. Aqueous printing pastes were prepared from thickening and crosslinking agents and UV-sensitive compounds: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) instead of the system’s standard process colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow. Depending on the number of printed layers and the type of UV radiation (UVA, UVB, and UVC), the modified textile samples change color after irradiation from white to a wide range of colors (from blue, red, and green to purple, brown, and gray). Based on reflectance measurements, the characteristic parameters of the one-, two-, and three-color-printed samples in relation to absorbed dose were determined, e.g., dose sensitivity, linear and dynamic dose response, and threshold dose. This printing method is a new proposal for UV dosimeters and an alternative standard for textile printing. Furthermore, the developed method can be used for the securing, marking, and creative design of textiles and opens up new possibilities for such stimulus-sensitive reactive printing.
| S-EPMC10456908 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Excessive ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation is one of the most serious threats leading to severe crop production losses. It is known that secondary metabolite biosynthesis plays an important role in plant defense and forms a protective shield against excessive UV-B irradiation. The contents of stilbenes and other plant phenolics are known to sharply increase after UV-B irradiation, but there is little direct evidence for the involvement of stilbenes and other plant phenolics in plant UV-B protection. This study showed that foliar application of trans-resveratrol (1 and 5 mM) and trans-piceid (5 mM) considerably increased tolerance to a shock of UV-B (10 min at 1800 µW cm-2 of irradiation intensity) of four-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants that are naturally incapable of stilbene production. Application of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid increased the leaf survival rates by 1-2%. This stilbene-induced improvement in UV-B tolerance was higher than after foliar application of the stilbene precursors, p-coumaric and trans-cinnamic acids (only 1-3%), but less than that after treatment with octocrylene (19-24%), a widely used UV-B absorber. Plant treatment with trans-resveratrol increased expression of antioxidant and stress-inducible genes in A.thaliana plants and decreased expression of DNA repair genes. This study directly demonstrates an important positive role of stilbenes in plant tolerance to excessive UV-B irradiation, and offers a new approach for plant UV-B protection.
| S-EPMC8308955 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Aux/IAA proteins are auxin-sensitive repressors that mediate diverse physiological and developmental processes in plants [1, 2]. There are 29 Aux/IAA genes in Arabidopsis that exhibit unique but partially overlapping patterns of expression [3]. Although some studies have suggested that individual Aux/IAA genes have specialized function, genetic analyses of the family have been limited by the scarcity of loss-of-function phenotypes [4]. Furthermore, with a few exceptions, our knowledge of the factors that regulate Aux/IAA expression is limited [1, 5]. We hypothesize that transcriptional control of Aux/IAA genes plays a central role in the establishment of the auxin-signaling pathways that regulate organogenesis, growth, and environmental response. Here, we describe a screen for transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the Aux/IAA genes. We identify TFs from 38 families, including 26 members of the DREB/CBF family. Several DREB/CBF TFs directly promote transcription of the IAA5 and IAA19 genes in response to abiotic stress. Recessive mutations in these IAA genes result in decreased tolerance to stress conditions, demonstrating a role for auxin in abiotic stress. Our results demonstrate that stress pathways interact with the auxin gene regulatory network (GRN) through transcription of the Aux/IAA genes. We propose that the Aux/IAA genes function as hubs that integrate genetic and environmental information to achieve the appropriate developmental or physiological outcome.
| S-EPMC5296222 | biostudies-literature
Project description:If the genome contains outlier sequences extraordinarily sensitive to environmental agents, these would be sentinels for monitoring personal carcinogen exposure and might drive direct changes in cell physiology rather than acting through rare mutations. New methods, adductSeq and freqSeq, provided statistical resolution to quantify rare lesions at single-base resolution across the genome. Primary human melanocytes, but not fibroblasts, carried spontaneous apurinic sites and TG sequence lesions more frequently than UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). UV exposure revealed hyperhotspots acquiring CPDs up to 170 fold more frequently than the genomic average; these sites were more prevalent in melanocytes. Hyperhotspots were disproportionately located near genes, particularly for RNA-binding proteins, with the most-recurrent hyperhotspots at a fixed position within two motifs: one occurring at ETS1 transcription factor binding sites, known to be UV targets, and at sites of mTOR/TOP-tract translation regulation; the second occurring at A2-15TTCTY, which developed "dark CPDs" after UV exposure, repaired CPDs slowly, and had accumulated CPDs prior to the experiment. Motif locations active as hyperhotspots differed between cell types. Melanocyte CPD hyperhotspots aligned precisely with recurrent UV signature mutations in individual gene promoters of melanomas and with known cancer drivers. At sunburn levels of UV exposure, every cell would have a hyperhotspot CPD in each of the ~20 targeted cell pathways, making hyperhotspots act as epigenetic marks. Purpose: These experiments searched for genomic sites in human primary fibroblasts and melanocytes that are extraordinarily sensitive to DNA damage, primarily cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) induced by UVC or UVB radiation. They separately detected abasic sites and other spontaneous DNA damage when present.
2020-04-14 | GSE137226 | GEO
Project description:Plants inherently show resistance to pathogen attack but are susceptible to multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, and phytoplasmas. Diseases as a result of such infection leads to the deterioration of crop yield. Several pathogen-sensitive gene activities, promoters of such genes, associated transcription factors, and promoter elements responsible for crosstalk between the defense signaling pathways are involved in plant resistance towards a pathogen. Still, only a handful of genes and their promoters related to plant resistance have been identified to date. Such pathogen-sensitive promoters are accountable for elevating the transcriptional activity of certain genes in response to infection. Also, a suitable promoter is a key to devising successful crop improvement strategies as it ensures the optimum expression of the required transgene. The study of the promoters also helps in mining more details about the transcription factors controlling their activities and helps to unveil the involvement of new genes in the pathogen response. Therefore, the only way out to formulate new solutions is by analyzing the molecular aspects of these promoters in detail. In this review, we provided an overview of the promoter motifs and cis-regulatory elements having specific roles in pathogen attack response. To elaborate on the importance and get a vivid picture of the pathogen-sensitive promoter sequences, the key motifs and promoter elements were analyzed with the help of PlantCare and interpreted with available literature. This review intends to provide useful information for reconstructing the gene networks underlying the resistance of plants against pathogens.
| S-EPMC7604749 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The friction characteristics of two-dimensional materials in the ultraviolet (UV) radiation environment are important to the reliability of two-dimensional material nano-structures of space equipment. A novel mechanism of UV light-sensitive nano-friction on graphene was proposed by ultraviolet vacuum irradiation modification using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface roughness, adhesion force, and friction of graphene were gradually reduced over a time of irradiation below 3 min. UV185 passes through graphene and causes photochemical reactions between its bottom layer and Si/SiO2 substrate, resulting in hydroxyl, carboxyl, and silanol suspension bonds and sp3-like bonds, which enhances the binding energy of graphene on the substrate and inhibits the out-of-plane deformation resulting in roughness and friction reduction. However, as the irradiation time increased to 5 min, the friction force increased rapidly with the aging effect and the breakdown of sp3-like bonds between the graphene-substrate interface. This study presents a new method of controlling nanofriction on graphene based on UV irradiation-sensitive posterities in vacuum conditions, which is essential to the application of two-dimensional materials in aerospace equipment, to improve anti-aging properties and wear reduction.
| S-EPMC9785420 | biostudies-literature