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Realtime Monitoring of Local Sweat Rate Kinetics during Constant-Load Exercise Using Perspiration-Meter with Airflow Compensation System.

ABSTRACT: Epidermal wearable sweat biomarker sensing technologies are likely affected by sweat rate because of the dilution effect and limited measurement methods. However, there is a dearth of reports on the local sweat rate (LSR) monitored in real-time during exercise. This explorative study investigated the feasibility of real-time LSR monitoring and clarified LSR kinetics on the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise using a perspiration meter with an airflow compensation system. This observational cross-sectional study included 18 recreationally trained males (mean age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years). LSR on the forehead and upper arm (mg/cm²/min) were measured during a constant-load exercise test at 25% of their pre-evaluated peak power until exhaustion. The LSR kinetics had two inflection points, with a gradual decrease in the incremental slope for each section. After the second flexion point, the LSR slope slightly decreased and was maintained until exhaustion. However, the degree of change varied among the participants. Although the ratio of forehead LSR to upper arm LSR tended to decrease gradually over time, there was little change in this ratio after a second flexion point of LSR in both. These findings suggest possible differences in LSR control between the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise to prolonged exhaustion.

SUBMITTER: Okawara H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9331097 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:The classic sweat test (CST) is the golden standard for cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis. Then, our aim was compare the production and volume of sweat, and side effects caused by pulsed direct current (PDC) and constant direct current (CDC). To determine the optimal stimulation time (ST) for the sweat collection. To verify the PDC as CF diagnosis option.Prospective study with cross-sectional experimental intervention. Experiment 1 (right arm): PDC and CDC. ST at 10 min and sweat collected at 30 min. Currents of 0.5; 0.75; 1.0 and 1.5 mA and frequencies of 0, 200, 1,000 and 5,000 Hz applied. Experiment 2 (left arm): current of 1.0 mA, ST at 5 and 10 min and sweat collected at 15 and 30 min with frequencies of 0; 200; 1,000 and 5,000 Hz applied Experiments 1 and 2 were performed with current density (CD) from 0.07 to 0.21 mA/cm2. Experiment 3: PDC was used in typical CF patients with two CFTR mutations screened and or with CF diagnosis by rectal biopsy and patients with atypical CF.48 subjects (79.16% female) with average of 29.54 ± 8.87 years old were enrolled. There was no statistical difference between the interaction of frequency and current in the sweat weight (p = 0.7488). Individually, positive association was achieved between weight sweat and stimulation frequency (p = 0.0088); and current (p = 0.0025). The sweat production was higher for 10 min of stimulation (p = 0.0023). The sweat collection was better for 30 min (p = 0.0019). The skin impedance was not influenced by ST and sweat collection (p > 0.05). The current frequency was inversely associated with the skin impedance (p < 0.0001). The skin temperature measured before stimulation was higher than after (p < 0.0001). In Experiment 3 (29 subjects) the PDC showed better kappa index compared to CDC (0.9218 versus 0.5205, respectively).The performance of the CST with CDC and PDC with CD of 0.14 to 0.21 mA/cm2 showed efficacy in steps of stimulation and collection of sweat, without side effects. The optimal stimulation time and sweat collection were, respectively, 10 and 30 min.

Project description:BACKGROUND:The sweat test (ST) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, little is known about sweat induction using different types of currents and waves. In this context, our objective was to develop a device to induce sweat and compare the use of continuous constant current (CCC) and continuous pulsed current (CPC) in individuals with CF and healthy controls. METHODS:A prospective cross-sectional study with experimental intervention. The variables of gender, ethnicity, age, and body mass index (BMI) were considered. The method of Gibson and Cooke was used, and the following markers were evaluated: sweat weight, electrical impedance, sufficient sweat amount, and CF diagnosis. Triangular (TPC) or sinusoidal (SPC) pulsed current was applied to the right arm, and CCC was applied to the left arm. RESULTS:The study analyzed 260 individuals, 141/213 (54.2%) were female participants, 135/260 (51.9%) were Caucasians. The distribution of individuals by concentration of chloride at the ST was: (CF) 26/260 (10%); (borderlines) 109/260 (41.9%); (healthy) 97/260 (37.3%); (insufficient weight in sweat) 28/260 (10.8%). No association was observed between the sufficient sweat amount to perform the ST when we compared the currents. However, the SPC showed a higher amount of sweat weight. Using Bland and Altman plot considering the agreement between the sweat chloride values achieved from CPC [SPC and TPC] and CCC, there was no proportional bias and mean values are unrelated and only explain less than 8% of the variation. Moreover, TPC presented higher electrical impedance when compared with SPC and CCC. SPC presented lower electrical impedance and higher sweat weight than CCC. Male participants presented lower electrical impedance and higher sweat weight with CCC and TPC, and higher sweat weight with SPC. CONCLUSIONS:The evaluated currents are safe and able to induce and produce sweat in sufficient quantities for the ST. SPC presented lower electrical impedance when compared with other currents. The use of SPC is recommended to induce sweat in patients with sweat problems. Finally, ethnicity, gender, age and BMI did not influence sweat induction at the ST, and no side effect was observed in our study.

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Realtime Monitoring of Local Sweat Rate Kinetics during Constant-Load Exercise Using Perspiration-Meter with Airflow Compensation System.

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