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Relationship of Sodium Intake With Granulocytes, Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Cohort.

ABSTRACT: Background Experimental studies show that high-sodium intake affects the innate immune system, among others with increased circulating granulocytes. Whether this relationship exists on a population level and whether this relates to disease outcomes is unclear. We aimed to test the hypotheses that (1) sodium intake is associated with granulocytes on a population level; (2) granulocytes are associated with the presence of hypertension and both cardiovascular and renal outcomes; and (3) the relation between high-sodium intake and these outcomes is mediated by granulocytes. Methods and Results We performed an analysis in 13 804 participants from the prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer)-Norfolk cohort, with a mean age of 58 years and median follow-up of 19.3 years. Analyses were carried out using calculated estimated sodium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratios from spot urines at baseline. The main outcomes were hypertension at baseline, and composite cardiovascular (mortality or cardiovascular events) and renal (mortality or renal events) outcomes during follow-up. Sodium intake and urine sodium-to-potassium ratio were positively associated with circulating granulocyte concentrations after adjustment for confounders (β=0.03; P=0.028 and β=0.06; P<0.001, respectively). Granulocytes significantly mediated the associations of, respectively, sodium intake and urine sodium-to-potassium ratio with hypertension at baseline, and cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Conclusions Sodium intake is positively associated with circulating granulocyte concentrations, and higher granulocyte concentrations associate with worse long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Given the recently established immune-modulating effects of sodium and the role of immune cells in both cardiovascular and renal disease, causality for this pathway may need consideration in further studies.

SUBMITTER: Wenstedt EFE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9333397 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Relationship of Sodium Intake With Granulocytes, Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Cohort.

Wenstedt Eliane F E EFE Peters Sengers Hessel H Boekholdt S Matthijs SM Khaw Kay-Tee KT Wareham Nicholas J NJ van den Born Bert-Jan H BH Vogt Liffert L

Journal of the American Heart Association 20220622 13

Background Experimental studies show that high-sodium intake affects the innate immune system, among others with increased circulating granulocytes. Whether this relationship exists on a population level and whether this relates to disease outcomes is unclear. We aimed to test the hypotheses that (1) sodium intake is associated with granulocytes on a population level; (2) granulocytes are associated with the presence of hypertension and both cardiovascular and renal outcomes; and (3) the relatio ...[more]

PMID: 35730648

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Project description:BackgroundHeavy drinkers of alcohol are reported to use hospitals more than non-drinkers, but it is unclear whether light-to-moderate drinkers use hospitals more than non-drinkers.ObjectiveWe examined the relationship between alcohol consumption in 10,883 men and 12,857 women aged 40-79 years in the general population and subsequent admissions to hospital and time spent in hospital.MethodsParticipants from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population-based study were followed for ten years (1999-2009) using record linkage.ResultsCompared to current non-drinkers, men who reported any alcohol drinking had a lower risk of spending more than twenty days in hospital multivariable adjusted OR 0.80 (95%CI 0.68-0.94) after adjusting for age, smoking status, education, social class, body mass index and prevalent diseases. Women who were current drinkers were less likely to have any hospital admissions multivariable adjusted OR 0.84 (95%CI 0.74-0.95), seven or more admissions OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.66-0.88) or more than twenty hospital days OR 0.70 (95%CI 0.62-0.80). However, compared to lifelong abstainers, men who were former drinkers had higher risk of any hospital admissions multivariable adjusted OR 2.22 (95%CI 1.51-3.28) and women former drinkers had higher risk of seven or more admissions OR 1.30 (95%CI 1.01-1.67).ConclusionCurrent alcohol consumption was associated with lower risk of future hospital usage compared with non-drinkers in this middle aged and older population. In men, this association may in part be due to whether former drinkers are included in the non-drinker reference group but in women, the association was consistent irrespective of the choice of reference group. In addition, there were few participants in this cohort with very high current alcohol intake. The measurement of past drinking, the separation of non-drinkers into former drinkers and lifelong abstainers and the choice of reference group are all influential in interpreting the risk of alcohol consumption on future hospitalisation.

Dataset Information

Relationship of Sodium Intake With Granulocytes, Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Cohort.

Publications

Relationship of Sodium Intake With Granulocytes, Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Cohort.

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