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Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland.

ABSTRACT: Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport^1-4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism^1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas^4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust^6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 10⁷-10⁸ m³ of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.

SUBMITTER: Halldorsson SA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9477742 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland.

Halldórsson Sæmundur A SA Marshall Edward W EW Caracciolo Alberto A Matthews Simon S Bali Enikő E Rasmussen Maja B MB Ranta Eemu E Robin Jóhann Gunnarsson JG Guðfinnsson Guðmundur H GH Sigmarsson Olgeir O Maclennan John J Jackson Matthew G MG Whitehouse Martin J MJ Jeon Heejin H van der Meer Quinten H A QHA Mibei Geoffrey K GK Kalliokoski Maarit H MH Repczynska Maria M MM Rúnarsdóttir Rebekka Hlín RH Sigurðsson Gylfi G Pfeffer Melissa Anne MA Scott Samuel W SW Kjartansdóttir Ríkey R Kleine Barbara I BI Oppenheimer Clive C Aiuppa Alessandro A Ilyinskaya Evgenia E Bitetto Marcello M Giudice Gaetano G Stefánsson Andri A

Nature 20220914 7927

Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport1-4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this z ...[more]

PMID: 36104557

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Project description:The eruption in Fagradalsfjall Volcano, located in Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, from several centuries' dormant states, occurred for the first time on March 19, 2021. Observations of Fagradalsfjall Volcano were conducted in 2021, and the eruption period lasted for six months until 18 September 2021. Six days pair of interferograms were generated from ninety synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Thus, the SAR data will be acquired from the Sentinel-1 satellite from January until December 2021. Time-series measurements were conducted using a combination of persistent scatterer (PS) and distributed scatterer (DS) points to produce denser measurement points (MPs) in the study area. The improved combined scatterers interferometry with optimized point scatterers (ICOPS) algorithm is the time-series method that utilizes both PS and DS MPs and optimizes those combined MPs using a deep learning algorithm over different temporal intervals and using a statistical clustering approach to optimize the MPs spatially. Validation was conducted by comparing the ICOPS result with GPS measurement in Reykjavik. The comparison with the GPS measurement was performed to validate the line-of-sight (LOS) deformation from the ICOPS measurement, which resulted in an RMSE value of about 0.58 cm, which is considered a good correlation. Besides the time-series Interferometry SAR (InSAR) measurement, we used the integrated InSAR and multiple aperture interferometry (MAI) methods to estimate both LOS and along-track surface deformation, respectively, during the Fagradalsfjall, Iceland volcanic eruption. A pair of ALOS-2 data was used between 28 February 2021 and 23 May 2021. The result from the MAI method shows a deformation of approximately ± 2 mm in the azimuth direction around Fagradalsfjall Volcano. The deformation around Fagradalsfjall Volcano was suggested to be due to the activity of the magma reservoir beneath the Earth's surface, which was formed by dike intrusion. The analysis of the seismicity in Fagradalsfjall was discussed by visualization of the distribution of earthquakes during the deformation occurrence. Further analysis can be conducted by applying multitrack analysis to find the 3D deformation pattern due to the eruption.

Dataset Information

Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland.

Publications

Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland.

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