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Cranial osteology, taxonomic reassessment, and phylogenetic relationships of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) turtle Trinitichelys hiatti (Paracryptodira).

ABSTRACT: We describe the skull of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) baenid turtle Trinitichelys hiatti using micro-computed tomography to provide new insights into the cranial anatomy of basal baenids and into the evolution of paracryptodires. We show that the validity of Trinitichelys hiatti vs Arundelemys dardeni still holds true, that the most basal known baenids for which skull material is known share an intriguing combination of features that are typical of either Pleurosternidae or Baenidae, and that the carotid system of Trinitichelys hiatti is intermediate to that of pleurosternids and more advanced baenids. Our expanded phylogenetic analysis confirms the traditional placement of Arundelemys dardeni, Lakotemys australodakotensis, and Trinitichelys hiatti as basal baenids, retrieves Helochelydridae along the stem of Baenoidea, but recovers Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops ornatus, Dorsetochelys typocardium, and Uluops uluops as basal branching Paracryptodira.

SUBMITTER: Rollot Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9636874 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cranial osteology, taxonomic reassessment, and phylogenetic relationships of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) turtle Trinitichelys hiatti (Paracryptodira).

Rollot Yann Y Evers Serjoscha W SW Pierce Stephanie E SE Joyce Walter G WG

PeerJ 20221102

We describe the skull of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) baenid turtle Trinitichelys hiatti using micro-computed tomography to provide new insights into the cranial anatomy of basal baenids and into the evolution of paracryptodires. We show that the validity of Trinitichelys hiatti vs Arundelemys dardeni still holds true, that the most basal known baenids for which skull material is known share an intriguing combination of features that are typical of either Pleurosternidae ...[more]

PMID: 36345484

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Project description:BackgroundThe phylogenetic placement of Cretaceous marine turtles, especially Protostegidae, is still under debate among paleontologists. Whereas protostegids were traditionally thought to be situated within the clade of recent marine turtles (Chelonioidea), some recent morphological and molecular studies suggest placement along the stem of Cryptodira. The main reason why the evolution of marine turtles is still poorly understood, is in part due to a lack of insights into the cranial anatomy of protostegids. However, a general availability of high-quality fossil material, combined with modern analysis techniques, such as X-ray microtomography, provide ample opportunity to improve this situation. The scope of this study is to help resolve its phylogenetic relationships by providing a detailed description of the external and internal cranial morphology of the extinct protostegid sea turtle Desmatochelys lowii Williston, 1894.Material and methodsThis study is based on the well-preserved holotype of Desmatochelys lowii from the Late Cretaceous (middle Cenomanian to early Turonian) Greenhorn Limestone of Jefferson County, Nebraska. The skulls of two recent marine turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) (Cheloniidae) and Dermochelys coriacea Lydekker, 1889 (Dermochelyidae), as well as the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chelydridae) provide a comparative basis. All skulls were scanned using regular or micro CT scanners and the scans were then processed with the software program Amira to create 3D isosurface models. In total, 81 bones are virtually isolated, figured, and described, including the nature of their contacts. The novel bone contact data is compiled and utilized in a preliminary phenetic study. In addition, an update phylogenetic analysis is conduced that utilizes newly obtained anatomical insights.ResultsThe detailed examination of the morphology of the herein used specimens allowed to explore some features of the skull, to refine the scoring of Desmatochelys lowii in the recent global matrix of turtles, and develop five new characters. The alleged pineal foramen in the type skull of Desmatochelys lowii is shown to be the result of damage. Instead, it appears that the pineal gland only approached the skull surface, as it is in Dermochelys coriacea. Whereas the parasphenoid in confirmed to be absent in hard-shelled sea turtles, ist possible presence in Desmatochelys lowii is unclear. The results of the phenetic study show that Desmatochelys lowii is least similar to the other examined taxa in regards to the nature of its bone contacts, and therefore suggests a placement outside Americhelydia for this protostegid sea turtle. The phylogenetic study results in a placement of Protostegidae along the stem of Chelonioidea, which is a novel position for the group.

Project description:Hadrosaurid fossils from the Liscomb Bonebed (Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska) were the first dinosaur bones discovered from the Arctic. While the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurids were long identified as Edmontosaurus, a member of the sub-clade Hadrosaurinae, they were recently assigned to a newly-erected taxon, Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis. However, taxonomic status of the new taxon is ambiguous largely due to the immature nature of the specimens upon which it was based. Here we reexamine cranial elements of the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine in order to solve its taxonomic uncertainties. The Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine possesses a short dorsolateral process of the laterosphenoid, one of the diagnostic characters of Edmontosaurus. The Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine also shows affinity to Edmontosaurus regalis in the presence of a horizontal shelf of the jugal. Our morphological comparisons with other North American Edmontosaurus specimens and our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine should be re-assigned to Edmontosaurus. Because the Prince Creek Formation Edmontosaurus shows differences with lower latitude Edmontosaurus in a dorsoventrally short maxilla, presence of a secondary ridge on the dentary teeth, and the absence of the transverse ridge between basipterygoid processes of the basisphenoid, we consider that the Prince Creek Formation Edmontosaurus should be regarded as Edmontosaurus sp. until further discoveries of mature hadrosaurines from the Prince Creek Formation Bonebed and/or equivalently juvenile Edmontosaurus specimens from the lower latitudes allow direct comparisons. The retention of the Prince Creek Formation hadrosaurine as Edmontosaurus re-establishes a significant latitudinal distribution for this taxon. Despite the large latitudinal distribution of the taxon, the morphological disparity of Edmontosaurus is small within Hadrosaurinae. The small morphological disparity may be related to the relatively low latitudinal temperature gradient during the latest Cretaceous compared to present day, a gradient which might not have imposed significant pressure for much morphological adaptations across a broad latitudinal range.

Dataset Information

Cranial osteology, taxonomic reassessment, and phylogenetic relationships of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) turtle Trinitichelys hiatti (Paracryptodira).

Publications

Cranial osteology, taxonomic reassessment, and phylogenetic relationships of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) turtle <i>Trinitichelys hiatti</i> (<i>Paracryptodira</i>).

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