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Biogeography and Ecological Differentiation of Pseudasphondylia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Distributed in Taiwan and Japan, with Description of a New Species P. kiwiphila sp. nov. and the Southernmost Record of P. elaeocarpi

ABSTRACT: Pseudasphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are known to induce

SUBMITTER: Lin S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9745572 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Hymenopteran parasitoids reared from European gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae).

Project description:We report the results of investigations 2010 through 2023 of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with gall midges in Europe. A total of 242 collections of gall midges were made, from each of which one to several parasitoid species emerged, resulting in ca. 200 recorded parasitoid species and 267 host-parasitoid interaction records. The parasitoid families involved were Eulophidae (63 species), Platygastridae (56 species), Torymidae (34 species), Pteromalidae (31 species), Ceraphronidae (5 species), Eupelmidae (4 species), Eurytomidae (2 species) and Encyrtidae (1 species). As many as 159 interactions are reported for the first time, significantly enlarging our knowledge of gall midge - parasitoid interactions on the species level. Even more interesting, 51 host records are for parasitoid species for which no host was previously known. Similarly, 28 species of gall midge are reported as host to named parasitoids for the first time. Additionally, 91 parasitoid records were the first for the country in question. Differences between the rearing methods applied and their suitability for recording species with contrasting life histories, are discussed.

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Phylogeny, biogeography, and host range of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) feeding on spores of rust fungi (Basidiomycota: Pucciniales).

Project description:Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are plant pathogens that can cause devastating yield losses to economically important crops and threaten native plants with extinction. Rusts are usually controlled with fungicides when rust-resistant plant varieties are unavailable. However, natural enemies may offer an alternative to chemicals by acting as biological controls. The larvae of Mycodiplosis Rübsaamen (49 spp.) feed on the spores of rusts and powdery mildew fungi and have been suggested as a potential biocontrol candidate for disease-causing rusts. However, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and host range of this genus. We screened 5,665 rust specimens from fungarium specimens and field collections and recovered a total of 363 larvae on 315 rust specimens from 17 countries. Three mitochondrial and 2 nuclear loci were amplified and sequenced for the phylogenetic reconstruction of 129 individuals. We recovered 12 clades, of which 12 and 10 were supported with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, respectively. Of the 12 clades, 7 comprised species from multiple continents and climatic regions, and 5 comprised species from a single region. Individuals forming clades were collected from 2 to 18 rust species, suggesting that Mycodiplosis species have a broad host range. In total, Mycodiplosis larvae were identified on 44 different rust species collected from 18 plant families. Future studies should focus on expanding field sampling efforts, including data from additional gene regions, and incorporating morphological data to further elucidate species diversity and distribution patterns.

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Evolution of the mitochondrial genomes of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): rearrangement and severe truncation of tRNA genes.

Project description:We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), as well as partial sequence from a third cecidomyiid and a species from a related family, the Sciaridae. The sciarid sequence has a number of rearrangements of tRNA genes, relative to other dipterans, but is otherwise unremarkable. In contrast, the cecidomyiid genomes possess a number of very unusual features. First, the two complete sequences are very small compared with other dipteran mitochondrial genomes. The genome of Mayetiola destructor is only 14,759 bp while that of Rhopalomyia pomum is only 14,503 bp, comparable with genome sizes observed in some arachnids. Second, all three cecidomyiid species have very high A + T content--more than 83% for the coding region. Third, all three cecidomyiid species possess a number of rearrangements of tRNA genes, including variations within the family. Fourth, the most extraordinary feature of cecidomyiids examined in this study is an extreme truncation of all tRNA genes, including the loss of TPsiC arms and apparent absence of the 3' part of the aminoacyl stems.The truncated tRNA genes of cecidomyiids are very similar to those previously reported for spiders and appear to represent a second, independent origin of these structural features. It is likely that they are made functional through RNA editing, perhaps using the 5' end of the aminoacyl stem as a template for the construction of the required 3' end.

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Correction: Morphological and Molecular Revision of the Genus Ozirhincus (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-Long-Snouted Seed-Feeding Gall Midges on Asteraceae.

Project description: Not available

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