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Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino-proton scattering.

ABSTRACT: Scattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams¹. The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon². Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, providing an additional, complementary probe of their structure. The nucleon transition axial form factor, F_A, can be measured from neutrino scattering from free nucleons, ν_μn → μ^-p and [Formula: see text], as a function of the negative four-momentum transfer squared (Q²). Up to now, F_A(Q²) has been extracted from the bound nucleons in neutrino-deuterium scattering^3-9, which requires uncertain nuclear corrections¹⁰. Here we report the first high-statistics measurement, to our knowledge, of the [Formula: see text] cross-section from the hydrogen atom, using the plastic scintillator target of the MINERvA¹¹ experiment, extracting F_A from free proton targets and measuring the nucleon axial charge radius, r_A, to be 0.73 ± 0.17 fm. The antineutrino-hydrogen scattering presented here can access the axial form factor without the need for nuclear theory corrections, and enables direct comparisons with the increasingly precise lattice quantum chromodynamics computations^12-15. Finally, the tools developed for this analysis and the result presented are substantial advancements in our capabilities to understand the nucleon structure in the weak sector, and also help the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments^16-20 to better constrain neutrino interaction models.

SUBMITTER: Cai T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9892001 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino-proton scattering.

Cai T T Moore M L ML Olivier A A Akhter S S Dar Z Ahmad ZA Ansari V V Ascencio M V MV Bashyal A A Bercellie A A Betancourt M M Bodek A A Bonilla J L JL Bravar A A Budd H H Caceres G G Carneiro M F MF Díaz G A GA da Motta H H Felix J J Fields L L Filkins A A Fine R R Gago A M AM Gallagher H H Gilligan S M SM Gran R R Granados E E Harris D A DA Henry S S Jena D D Jena S S Kleykamp J J Klustová A A Kordosky M M Last D D Le T T Lozano A A Lu X-G XG Maher E E Manly S S Mann W A WA Mauger C C McFarland K S KS Messerly B B Miller J J Moreno O O Morfín J G JG Naples D D Nelson J K JK Nguyen C C Paolone V V Perdue G N GN Plows K-J KJ Ramírez M A MA Ransome R D RD Ray H H Ruterbories D D Schellman H H Salinas C J Solano CJS Su H H Sultana M M Syrotenko V S VS Valencia E E Vaughan N H NH Waldron A V AV Wascko M O MO Wret C C Yaeggy B B Zazueta L L

Nature 20230201 7946

Scattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams<sup>1</sup>. The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon<sup>2</sup>. Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, provi ...[more]

PMID: 36725994

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Project description:ObjectiveAlthough intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMPT) is dosimetrically superior to passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) for locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC), direct comparisons of clinical outcomes are lacking. Here, we compare toxicity profiles and clinical outcomes after IMPT versus PSPT for LA-NSCLC.MethodsThis is a nonrandomized, comparative study of two independent cohorts with LA-NSCLC (stage II-IIIB, stage IV with solitary brain metastasis) treated with concurrent chemotherapy and proton beam therapy. Toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0) and outcomes were prospectively collected as part of a clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00915005) or prospective registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00991094).ResultsOf 139 patients, 86 (62%) received PSPT and 53 (38%) IMPT; median follow-up times were 23.9 and 29.0 months, respectively. IMPT delivered lower mean radiation doses to the lungs (PSPT 16.0 Gy versus IMPT 13.0 Gy, p < 0.001), heart (10.7 Gy versus 6.6 Gy, p = 0.004), and esophagus (27.4 Gy versus 21.8 Gy, p = 0.005). Consequently, the IMPT cohort had lower rates of grade 3 or higher pulmonary (17% versus 2%, p = 0.005) and cardiac (11% versus 0%, p = 0.01) toxicities. Six patients (7%) with PSPT and zero patients (0%) with IMPT experienced grade 4 or 5 toxicity. Lower rates of pulmonary (28% versus 3%, p = 0.006) and cardiac (14% versus 0%, p = 0.05) toxicities were observed in the IMPT cohort even after propensity score matching for baseline imbalances. There was also a trend toward longer median overall survival in the IMPT group (23.9 mo versus 36.2 mo, p = 0.09). No difference was found in the 3-year rates of local (25% versus 20%, p = 0.44), local-regional (29% versus 36%, p = 0.56) and distant (52% versus 51%, p = 0.71) recurrences.ConclusionsIMPT is associated with lower radiation doses to the lung, heart, and esophagus, and lower rates of grade 3 or higher cardiopulmonary toxicity; additional clinical studies will be needed to assess the potential differences in survival between the two techniques.

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Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino-proton scattering.

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Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino-proton scattering.

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